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首页> 外文期刊>Field Crops Research >Integrated maize management options to improve forage yield and quality on smallholder farms in Kenya. (Special Issue: Dual-purpose maize.)
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Integrated maize management options to improve forage yield and quality on smallholder farms in Kenya. (Special Issue: Dual-purpose maize.)

机译：玉米综合管理选项可提高肯尼亚小农农场的草料产量和质量。 （特刊：两用玉米。）

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摘要

Maize provides an important source of forage for the maize-dairy farmers in Kenya. However, due to small farm size, maize cannot supply all the feed needed for dairy cattle and forage is in short supply in the dry seasons. This paper examines practices to increase the health and use of maize and increase forage quality and quantity. The paper uses data from participatory on-farm research on cultural management practices of maize and on-station field trials in which plants were artificially infected with maize streak virus disease (MSVD) in the intensive maize-dairy production systems in central Kenya. Findings showed that smallholder farmers have deliberately changed the maize management practices by planting densely and systematically thinning the crop to obtain both fodder and grain. They perceived MSVD to have the greatest effect on forage yields and to be a difficult disease to control. Maize management trials showed that increasing plant density increased forage yields by up to 41% but decreased grain yields by up to 17% when specific thinning regimes were applied fairly late in the growth of the crop. However, grain yields were maintained when maize was planted at high density and then progressively thinned for forage during the growing season according to the crop situation or need for forage. The on-station research is the first study on the impacts of MSVD on maize forage and was carried out to increase production of forage during the wet seasons through use of resistant cultivars and agronomic interventions with a view to mitigating forage shortages during the dry seasons. MSVD infection was achieved with artificially infected leafhoppers (Cicadulina mbila (Naude) (Hem.: Cicadellidae)). In the 2001 short rainy season (SRS), early infection (14 days after crop emergence) reduced thinning yields by 43% in the susceptible cultivar, H511, compared to only 22% in a tolerant one, KH 521. Stover yields were reduced by 24% in H511 while there were no significant losses in KH 521. Interestingly, the local landrace, Gikuyu, was tolerant of MSVD in terms of grain yield but not thinnings. Forage from crops infected 35 and 56 days after crop emergence did not differ significantly from the uninfected controls. In the 2002 long and short rainy seasons, early infection with MSV again reduced thinning and stover yields whereas fertilizer and plant density did not significantly affect the influence of MSVD on either maize forage or grain yields. Use of tolerant cultivars provided insurance against forage and grain yield losses caused by early infection by MSV, but yield benefits varied with season. With respect to forage quality, MSVD had a beneficial effect on susceptible cultivars (H511 and H614) due to the higher crude protein (CP) and lower neutral detergent fibre (NDF) concentrations of infected material in the early stages of growth. However, the reduced yields due to MSVD negate any advantage of increase in CP in infected material of susceptible maize cultivars. Further, the benefit of breeding for high NDF concentrations as a defense mechanism against disease effects is disadvantageous to improving quality of maize forage.
机译：玉米为肯尼亚的玉米奶农提供了重要的饲料来源。但是，由于农场规模小，玉米无法提供奶牛所需的所有饲料，而干旱季节的草料短缺。本文探讨了增加玉米健康和利用，提高饲草质量和数量的方法。本文使用来自参与性农场研究的玉米文化管理实践数据和现场试验，在肯尼亚中部集约化玉米生产系统中，植物被玉米条纹病毒病（MSVD）人工感染。研究结果表明，小农户通过密集种植和系统地疏导作物以获得饲料和谷物，故意改变了玉米的管理方式。他们认为MSVD对草料产量的影响最大，并且是一种难以控制的疾病。玉米管理试验表明，当作物生长后期采用特定的间伐方案时，增加植物密度可使草料单产提高多达41％，但使谷物单产降低多达17％。但是，当玉米高密度种植后，根据作物生长状况或需要的饲料，在生长季节逐渐稀疏饲草，可以保持谷物的单产。现场研究是关于MSVD对玉米饲草的影响的第一项研究，旨在通过使用抗性品种和农艺干预措施来增加雨季的草料产量，以减轻旱季的草料短缺。用人工感染的叶蝉（Cicadulina mbila（Naude）（Hem .: Cicadellidae））可达到MSVD感染。在2001年短雨季（SRS）中，易感品种H511的早期感染（作物出苗后14天）使间苗产量降低了43％，而耐性品种KH 521的稀疏产量仅降低了22％。 H511中24％，而KH 521中没有显着损失。有趣的是，本地长种Gikuyu在谷物产量方面对MSVD耐受，但对间苗无害。出苗后35天和56天，受感染农作物的饲草与未感染对照无明显差异。在2002年的长短雨季中，MSV的早期感染再次降低了间伐和秸秆单产，而肥料和植物密度并未显着影响MSVD对玉米饲草或谷物单产的影响。耐性品种的使用为MSV早期感染引起的草料和谷物产量损失提供了保障，但产量收益随季节而变化。关于牧草质量，MSVD对易感品种（H511和H614）具有有益的作用，这是因为在生长的早期阶段受感染物质的粗蛋白（CP）含量较高，中性洗涤剂纤维（NDF）含量较低。但是，由于MSVD导致的单产降低，使易感玉米品种受感染材料中CP升高的优势消失了。此外，高NDF浓度的育种作为抵抗疾病影响的防御机制的好处不利于提高玉米饲料的质量。

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