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Analogue (plaster) modelling and synthetic seismic representation of hangingwall fault blocks above ramp-flat ramp extensional faults

机译：斜坡-平坦斜坡伸展断层之上的悬墙断块的模拟（灰泥）建模和综合地震表示

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摘要

The complex structuring associated with ramp-flat-ramp extensional master faults, as well as the strain pattern in the hanging-wall fault block of such faults, have been analysed with the help of analogue Plaster of Paris models. This analysis shows that the shallow-dipping master fault commonly develops several fault branches due to either asperity bifurcation or hanging-wall and footwall splaying, and that the deeper parts of steeper early generation faults are sometimes cut by younger faults. This generates a very complex fault pattern in the deeper part of the hanging-wall fault block. Based on the analogue models, the possibility of generating synthetic reflection seismograms by the use of simple modelling techniques (ray tracing and finite-difference models) has been investigated. It is concluded that the two methods produce significantly different results in terms of resolution and noise. The ray-tracing method resulted in a highly idealized image that can be viewed as the end product after an idealized processing sequence in that no noise, no multiples or other artefacts are incorporated. Furthermore, all reflections are in the correct position and are displayed with the correct amplitude in each case. Although the result can be used as a good reference for what can be obtained by simple seismic modelling, the weak aspect of this method is obviously the over-simplified and unrealistically "clean' image presented. A more 'realistic' reflection seismic image is obtained in cases where the synthetic seismogram is generated by the finite-difference method. However, the structural features stand out with less clarity, and it is less likely that the interpreter of this section would be able to identify the two master fault planes or to distinguish the complex structural pattern in the deep part of the hanging-wall fault block.
机译：在巴黎模拟石膏模型的帮助下，分析了与斜坡-平坦-斜坡延伸主断层有关的复杂结构，以及此类断层的上盘断层块中的应变模式。该分析表明，浅凹陷的主断层通常由于凹凸分叉或上盘和下盘墙张开而形成多个断层分支，而且较陡峭的早生断层的较深部分有时会被较年轻的断层切断。这在上盘断层块的较深部分产生了非常复杂的断层图案。在模拟模型的基础上，研究了通过使用简单的建模技术（光线追踪和有限差分模型）生成合成反射地震图的可能性。结论是，两种方法在分辨率和噪声方面产生明显不同的结果。光线跟踪方法产生了高度理想化的图像，在经过理想化的处理序列后，可以将其视为最终产品，因为不会引入噪音，倍数或其他伪像。此外，所有反射都在正确的位置，并在每种情况下以正确的幅度显示。尽管该结果可为通过简单地震建模获得的结果提供良好的参考，但该方法的弱点显然是过于简化且不切实际的“干净”图像，而获得了更为“真实”的反射地震图像。在通过有限差分法生成合成地震图的情况下，然而，结构特征显得不够清晰，并且本节的解释者不太可能识别两个主断层或区分悬墙断块深部复杂的构造模式。

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