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首页> 外文期刊>Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology >Genetic possibilities for altering sunflower oil quality to obtain novel oils.
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Genetic possibilities for altering sunflower oil quality to obtain novel oils.

机译：改变葵花籽油品质以获得新油的遗传可能性。

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摘要

The sunflower is one of the four most important oilseed crops in the world, and the nutritional quality of its edible oil ranks among the best vegetable oils in cultivation. Typically up to 90% of the fatty acids in conventional sunflower oil are unsaturated, namely oleic (C 18:1, 16%-19%) and linoleic (C 18:2, 68%-72%) fatty acids. Palmitic (C 16:0, 6%), stearic (C 18:0, 5%), and minor amounts of myristic (C 14:0), myristoleic (C 14:1), palmitoleic (C 16:1), arachidic (C 20:0), behenic (C 22:0), and other fatty acids account for the remaining 10%. Advances in modern genetics, most importantly induced mutations, have altered the fatty acid composition of sunflower oil to a significant extent. Treating sunflower seeds with gamma- and X-rays has produced mutants with 25%-30% palmitic acid. Sunflower seed treatment with X-rays has also resulted in mutants having 30% palmitoleic acid, while treatments with mutagenic sodium azide have produced seeds containing 35% stearic acid. The most important mutations have been obtained by treatment with dimethyl sulfate, which produced genotypes with more than 90% oleic acid. Mutants have also been obtained that have a high linoleic acid content (>80%) by treating seeds with X-rays and ethyl methanesulfonate. Of the vitamin E family of compounds, sunflower oil is known to predominantly contain alpha-tocopherol (>90%). Spontaneous mutations controlled by recessive genes have been discovered that significantly alter tocopherol forms and levels. The genes in question are tph(1) (50% alpha- and 50% beta-tocopherol), tph(2) (0%-5% alpha- and 95%-100% gamma-tocopherol), and tph(1)tph(2) (8%-40% alpha-, 0%-25% beta-, 25%-84% gamma-, and 8%-50% delta-tocopherol). The existence of (mutant) genes for increased levels of individual fatty acids and for different forms and levels of tocopherol enables the development of sunflower hybrids with different oil quality. The greatest progress has been made in developing high-oleic hybrids (>90% oleic acid). There has been considerable work done recently on the development of high-oleic hybrids with altered tocopherol levels, the oil of which will have 10-20 times greater oxidative stability than that of conventional sunflower oil. While sunflower breeders work on developing hybrids with altered oil quality, medical scientists in general and nutritionists in particular will determine the parameters for the use of these novel types of oil that can improve human nutrition and be used in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases.
机译：向日葵是世界上四种最重要的油料作物之一，其食用油的营养品质跻身于种植中最好的植物油之列。通常，常规向日葵油中高达90％的脂肪酸​​是不饱和的，即油酸（C 18：1，16％-19％）和亚油酸（C 18：2，68％-72％）脂肪酸。棕榈酸（C 16：0，6％），硬脂酸（C 18：0、5％）和少量肉豆蔻酸（C 14：0），肉豆蔻酸（C 14：1），棕榈油酸（C 16：1），花生酸（C 20：0），山hen酸（C 22：0）和其他脂肪酸占剩余的10％。现代遗传学的进展，最重要的是诱导突变，已在很大程度上改变了葵花籽油的脂肪酸组成。用γ射线和X射线处理葵花籽已产生了含25％-30％棕榈酸的突变体。用X射线对向日葵种子进行处理还导致突变体含有30％的棕榈油酸，而用诱变叠氮化钠处理产生的种子则含有35％的硬脂酸。最重要的突变已通过用硫酸二甲酯处理而获得，该硫酸二甲酯产生了具有超过90％油酸的基因型。通过用X射线和甲磺酸乙酯处理种子，也获得了具有高亚油酸含量（> 80％）的突变体。在维生素E系列化合物中，已知葵花籽油主要包含α-生育酚（> 90％）。已经发现隐性基因控制的自发突变显着改变生育酚的形式和水平。所讨论的基因是tph（1）（50％的α-和50％β-生育酚），tph（2）（0％-5％的α-和95％-100％γ-生育酚）和tph（1） tph（2）（8％-40％α-，0％-25％β-，25％-84％γ-和8％-50％δ-生育酚）。用于增加单个脂肪酸水平以及不同形式和水平生育酚的（突变）基因的存在，可以开发出具有不同油质的向日葵杂种。在开发高油酸杂种（> 90％油酸）方面取得了最大的进展。最近，在开发具有改变的生育酚水平的高油酸杂种上，已经进行了大量的工作，其油的氧化稳定性将比常规葵花油高10-20倍。尽管向日葵育种者致力于开发油质发生变化的杂交种，但一般医学科学家尤其是营养学家将确定使用这些新型油脂的参数，这些新型油脂可以改善人类营养并用于预防心血管疾病。

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