Paying for What You Get: Accounting for the Nonrenewable Component in Wood to Energy

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Paying for What You Get: Accounting for the Nonrenewable Component in Wood to Energy

机译：支付所获得的费用：木材到能源的不可再生成分的会计处理

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Growing international trade in wood pellets is one response to regional efforts to mitigate the global problem of climate change. With this growing use of wood energy, there is increased scrutiny of the associated environmental impacts and concern over possible unintended consequences (e.g., nonrenewable energy inputs) that may detract from the carbon savings provided by such renewable energy sources. The focus of this article is to present an accounting system for the embodied fossil fuels in wood energy systems. This system is based on life-cycle assessment methodology and could accommodate fairly the variability in fossil fuel inputs for various bioenergy systems. Such a system could be incorporated into biofuel subsidies or carbon taxation policies. We use three scenarios as examples to illustrate (1) that wood-to-energy systems entail the use of fossil fuels and that the amount of this "embodied fossil carbon" varies with the processing inputs and transportation required and (2) that carbon tax/biofuel subsidies can be adjusted to accommodate variations in embodied fossil carbon. The growth in life-cycle databases and the advent of environmental product declarations make embodied fossil fuel calculations such as those presented here an increasingly practical component of biofuels policy development.

机译：木质颗粒国际贸易的增长是对缓解全球气候变化问题的区域努力的一种回应。随着越来越多地使用木材能源，对相关的环境影响的审查越来越多，并且对可能会降低此类可再生能源所提供的碳节省量的可能的意料之外的后果（例如不可再生的能源输入）的担忧也越来越多。本文的重点是为木材能源系统中包含的化石燃料提供一种会计系统。该系统基于生命周期评估方法，可以合理地适应各种生物能源系统在化石燃料输入方面的变化。可以将这种系统纳入生物燃料补贴或碳税收政策中。我们以三种情况为例来说明（1）木材到能源系统需要使用化石燃料，并且这种“具体化石碳”的数量随所需的加工投入和运输而变化;（2）碳税可以对生物燃料补贴进行调整，以适应具体化石碳的变化。生命周期数据库的增长和环境产品声明的到来使得具体化石燃料的计算（如此处介绍的计算）成为生物燃料政策制定中日益实用的组成部分。

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《Forest Products Journal》 |2016年第8期|共7页
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1. Paying for What You Get: Accounting for the Nonrenewable Component in Wood to Energy [J] . Forest Products Journal . 2016,第7a8期

机译：支付所获得的费用：木材到能源的不可再生成分的会计处理
2. Principles of green accounting for renewable and nonrenewable energy resources [J] . Robert D. Cairns Energy Policy . 2004,第2期

机译：可再生和不可再生能源的绿色核算原则
3. Carbon accounting for woody biomass from Massachusetts (USA) managed forests: a framework for determining the temporal impacts of wood biomass energy on atmospheric greenhouse gas levels. (Special Issue: Sustainable wood bioenergy in the United States.) [J] . Walker T., Cardellichio P., Gunn J. S., Journal of Sustainable Forestry . 2013,第1a4期

机译：美国马萨诸塞州管理的森林中木质生物量的碳核算：确定木材生物质能对大气温室气体水平的时间影响的框架。（特刊：美国的可持续木材生物能源。）
4. Effect of Surface Free Energy of Wood-flour and Its Polar Component on the Mechanical and Physical Properties of Wood-Thermoplastic Composites [C] . Yong-Ming Fan, Chao-Qun Mei, Yang Liu, International conference on physical and numerical simulation of material processing;ICPNS2010 . 2010

机译：木粉及其极性组分的表面自由能对木塑复合材料力学性能的影响
5. Accounting for Human Health and Ecosystems Quality in Developing Sustainable Energy Products: The Implications of Wood Biomass-based Electricity Strategies to Climate Change Mitigation. [D] . Weldu, Yemane W. 2017

机译：在开发可持续能源产品中考虑人类健康和生态系统质量：基于木材生物量的电力战略对缓解气候变化的影响。
6. Testing the Energy-Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis in the Renewable and Nonrenewable Energy Consumption Models in Egypt [O] . Haider Mahmood, Tarek Tawfik Yousef Alkhateeb, Muhammad Tanveer, 2021

机译：在埃及可再生和不可再生能源消费模型中测试能量环境库兹涅茨曲线假设
7. This article presents a new numerical model describing the behaviour of a thermally thick wood sample exposed to high solar heat flux (above 1 MW/m2). A preliminary study based on dimensionless numbers is used to classify the problem and support model building assumptions. Then, a model based on mass, momentum and energy balance equations is proposed. These equations are coupled with liquid-vapour drying model and pseudo species biomass degradation model. By comparing to a former experimental study, preliminary results have shown that these equations are not enough to accurately predict biomass behaviour under high solar heat flux. Indeed, a char layer acting as radiative shield forms on the sample exposed surface. In addition to this classical set of equations, it is mandatory to take into account radiation penetration into the medium. Furthermore, as biomass contains water, medium deformation consecutively to char steam gasification must also be implemented. Finally, with the addition of these two strategies, the model is able to properly capture the degradation of biomass when exposed to high radiative heat flux over a range of sample initial moisture content. Additional insights of biomass behaviour under high solar heat flux were also derived. Drying, pyrolysis and gasification fronts are present at the same time inside of the sample. The coexistence of these three thermochemical fronts leads to char gasification by the steam produced from drying of the sample, which it is the main phenomenon behind medium ablation. [O] . Pozzobon, Victor, Salvador, Sylvain, Bézian, Jean Jacques 2018

机译：本文提供了一个新的数值模型，该模型描述了暴露于高太阳热通量（高于1 / MW / m2）的热厚木材样品的行为。基于无量纲数的初步研究用于对问题进行分类并支持模型构建假设。然后，提出了一种基于质量，动量和能量平衡方程的模型。这些方程式与液体蒸汽干燥模型和假物种生物质降解模型耦合。通过与以前的实验研究进行比较，初步结果表明，这些方程不足以准确预测高太阳热通量下的生物量行为。的确，在样品暴露的表面上形成了充当辐射屏蔽层的炭层。除了这套经典的方程式之外，还必须考虑到辐射向介质的渗透。此外，由于生物质中含有水，因此还必须在炭蒸气汽化后进行连续的介质变形。最后，通过添加这两种策略，该模型能够在一定范围的样品初始水分含量下暴露于高辐射热通量的情况下，正确捕获生物质的降解。还得出了在高太阳热通量下生物量行为的其他见解。样品内部同时存在干燥，热解和气化前沿。这三个热化学前沿的共存会导致样品干燥产生的蒸汽产生焦炭气化，这是介质烧蚀的主要现象。
8. Problems in Accounting for the Soft and Hard Components in Transverse Energy Triggers [R] . Anjos, J. C., Santoro, A. F. S., Souza, M. H. G., 1983

机译：横向能量触发器中软硬组件的核算问题

Paying for What You Get: Accounting for the Nonrenewable Component in Wood to Energy

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