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Are benthic algae related to spring types?

机译：底栖藻与春季类型有关吗？

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Benthic algae were used to identify reference conditions of springs for bioassessment purposes. Benthic algae and environmental factors were quantified in 70 springs (nonthermal and mostly near-natural) in the southeastern Alps. Spring types were identified by fuzzy clustering of nondiatom, benthic algal assemblages. Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) and indicator species analysis (IndVal) were used to identify the most relevant environmental determinants of taxonomic composition in springs and to characterize the ecological traits of key taxa. A total of 120 macro- and microscopic benthic pro- and eukaryotic algae (excluding diatoms) were identified. Cyanobacteria (especially Chroococcales and Oscillatoriales) were strongly prevalent. Seven spring types were identified by fuzzy clustering of nondiatom, benthic algal assemblages. IndVal identified 22 taxa that were significant indicators of spring type, and fuzzy clustering based on environmental preferences identified 18 other important taxa associated with spring type. Spring types differed in environmental features, species richness, and diversity. Mid-to-high altitude, oligotrophic, carbonate flowing springs (rheocrenes) with medium conductivity were the most common spring type and were characterized by shade-tolerant (Chroococcales) or rheophilic (Tapinothrix varians) cyanobacteria. Low-altitude, shaded, and slightly NO3-N-enriched carbonate rheocrenes with medium-to-high conductivity supported rheophilic or eutraphentic cyanobac-teria and red algae. Siliceous rheocrenes had benthic algal assemblages dominated by soft-water, rheophilic cyanobacteria and by the rheobiontic chrysophyte, Hydrurus foetidus. Mostly siliceous seepages and pool springs supported predominantly chlorophytes, especially filamentous Zygnematales. Xerotolerant cyanobacteria were common on carbonate rock-face seepages. Tufa springs were characterized by cyanobacteria and by the desmid, Oocardium stratum. In iron springs, benthic algae (mainly filamentous green algae and xanthophytes) were poorly developed, whereas iron bacteria were common. The most influential factors were pH and conductivity, shading, NO3-N, temperature, current velocity, and substratum particle size. The spring types identified may prove useful as references for assessments of ecological integrity naturalness value, at least for the Alps ecoregion.
机译：底栖藻用于生物评估目的识别泉水的参考条件。在阿尔卑斯山东南部的70个温泉中（非高温且大部分为近自然），对底栖藻类和环境因素进行了量化。通过非硅藻，底栖藻类组合的模糊聚类来确定春季类型。典范对应分析（CCA）和指示物种类分析（IndVal）用于确定春季生物分类组成中最相关的环境决定因素，并表征关键生物分类的生态特征。共鉴定出120种宏观和微观底栖原核和真核藻（不包括硅藻）。蓝细菌（尤其是球菌和震颤菌）非常普遍。通过非硅藻，底栖藻类组合的模糊聚类确定了七种弹簧类型。 IndVal确定了22种是春季类型的重要指标的分类单元，基于环境偏好的模糊聚类确定了18种其他与春季类型相关的重要分类单元。春季类型在环境特征，物种丰富度和多样性方面有所不同。具有中等电导率的中高海拔，贫营养，碳酸盐流动的弹簧（rheocrenes）是最常见的弹簧类型，其特征是耐荫性（Crococcales）或嗜温性（Tapinothrix varians）蓝细菌。具有中等至高电导率的低海拔，阴影且略微富含NO3-N的碳酸盐类苯并酮支持嗜热或中性蓝藻和红藻。硅质类风藻具有底栖藻类组合，主要由软水，嗜性蓝细菌和拟变质温藻（Hydrurus foetidus）主导。多为硅质的渗流和泉水，主要是支持绿藻类，尤其是丝状的湿生菌。耐盐生蓝细菌在碳酸盐岩岩壁渗流中很常见。凝灰岩泉水的特征是蓝细菌和腐烂的Oocardium地层。在铁泉中，底栖藻类（主要是丝状绿藻和腐生植物）发育较差，而铁细菌则很常见。影响最大的因素是pH和电导率，阴影，NO3-N，温度，电流速度和基质粒径。至少对于阿尔卑斯山生态区来说，确定的泉水类型可能被用作评估生态完整性自然价值的参考。

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