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Diatoms in springs of the Alps: spring types, environmentaldeterminants, and substratum

机译：阿尔卑斯山泉水中的硅藻：泉水类型，环境决定因素和基质

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摘要

Spring habitats are highly diverse and have a mosaic microhabitat structure. They are endangered by diffuse exploitation as drinking-water resources, an impact likely to increase with climate change. Diatoms were sampled from stones and bryophytes in 110 nonthermal, near-natural springs in the southeastern Alps (Trentino) and 16 carbonate springs in the Dolomiti Bellunesi National Park. Fuzzy clustering identified 6 assemblages in the main types of springs. Carbonate rheocrenes hosted Achnanthidium spp., Gomphonema elegantissimum, and Nitzschia fonticola. Several of these species are rheophilic. This group was divided into 4 subassemblages defined by decreasing A. lineare and increasing A. pyrenaicum with increasing flow. Carbonate rheocrenes with shading or moderate NO_3-enrichment contained a majority of sciaphilic and NO_3-tolerant taxa: Cocconeis taxa, Amphora spp., Caloneis fontinalis, Reimeria spp., and Eunotia arcubus. Well-buffered siliceous rheocrenes supported Diatoma spp., Eunotia minor, Encyonema minutum, Navicula exilis, and Planothidium lanceolatum. Many of these species are heliophilic and rheophilic. Carbonate rheocrenes with lower conductivities or seasonal desiccation contained typical taxa of unstable environments: Diadesmis spp., Planothidium frequentissimum, Meridion circulare, and Achnanthidium dolomiticum. Carbonate rock-face seepages and some tufa springs supported xerotolerant diatom species with a preference for higher conductivities: Encyonopsis spp., Delicata spp., Gomphonema lateripunctatum, Denticula spp., and Cymbopleura spp. Siliceous seepages and pool springs, some very-low alkalinity rheocrenes, and 1 iron spring were characterized by acidophilous mire taxa, such as Eunotia spp., Frustulia crassinervia, and Tabellaria flocculosa, and very-low-alkalinity indicators, such as Psammothidium acidoclinatum. The other iron springs harbored species-poor assemblages with low numbers of cells. Many diatom species showed a significant preference for stones or bryophytes. Epibryon had higher richness and diversity than epilithon, and mean diversity did not differ among the most frequent bryophyte species. Bryophytes are quick and easy to sample and are proposed as the target substratum for diatom-based assessments of springs.
机译：春季生境高度多样化，并具有马赛克微生境结构。它们被广泛开发为饮用水资源而受到威胁，这种影响可能随着气候变化而加剧。在东南阿尔卑斯山（特伦蒂诺州）的110个非热近自然泉水和多洛米蒂贝卢内西国家公园的16个碳酸盐泉中，从石头和苔藓植物中采样了硅藻。模糊聚类确定了弹簧的主要类型中的6个组合。碳酸盐类rhecrecrenes容纳Ac草属，Gomphonema Elegantissimum和Nitzschia fonticola。这些物种中的几种是嗜血的。该组被分为4个子组合，这些子组合由线性A.线性和逐渐增加的A. pyrenaicum随流量增加而定义。带有阴影或中等NO_3富集的碳酸盐类风螺岩包含大部分的坐骨神经性和NO_3耐性类群：球藻类群，安芙兰属，Caloneis fontinalis，Reimeria属和Eunotia arcubus。缓冲良好的硅质rhecrecrenes支持硅藻，小Eunotia，小头孢母虫，Navicula exilis和Planothidium lanceolatum。这些物种中有许多是嗜嗜性的和变嗜性的。电导率较低或季节性干燥的碳酸盐类风口岩，含有不稳定环境的典型分类群：迪氏菌属，常兰齿虫，圆形子午线和白Ac。碳酸盐岩面渗流和一些石灰岩泉水支持耐干硅藻种类，并优先选择较高的电导率：刺孢子虫，德利卡塔菌，乳状菌，齿形虫和斜纹菌。硅质的渗流和池泉，一些碱度很低的类锦纶和1个铁质泉的特征是嗜酸的泥类类群，如Eunotia spp。，Frustulia crassinervia和Tabellaria flocculosa，以及碱度很低的指示剂，如Psammothidium acidoclinatum。其他的铁泉则拥有种类少，细胞数量少的组合。许多硅藻物种显示出对石头或苔藓植物的显着偏好。 Epibryon具有比Epilithon更高的丰富度和多样性，并且在最常见的苔藓植物物种之间，平均多样性没有差异。苔藓植物采样方便快捷，被提议作为基于硅藻的弹簧评估的目标基质。

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