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首页> 外文期刊>Frontiers in ecology and the environment >From superspreaders to disease hotspots: Linking transmission across hosts and space
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From superspreaders to disease hotspots: Linking transmission across hosts and space

机译：从超级传播者到疾病热点：链接宿主和太空的传播

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摘要

Since the identification and imprisonment of "Typhoid Mary", a woman who infected at least 47 people with typhoid in the early 1900s, epidemiologists have recognized that "superspreading" hosts play a key role in disease epidemics. Such variability in transmission also exists among species within a community and among habitat patches across a landscape, underscoring the need for an integrative framework for studying transmission heterogeneity, or the differences among hosts or locations in their contribution to pathogen spread. Here, we synthesize literature on human, plant, and animal diseases to evaluate the relative influence of host, pathogen, and environmental factors in producing highly infectious individuals, species, and landscapes. We show that host and spatial heterogeneity are closely linked and that quantitatively assessing the contribution of infectious individuals, species, or environmental patches to overall transmission can aid management strategies. We conclude by posing hypotheses regarding how pathogen natural history influences transmission variability and highlight emerging frontiers in this area of study.
机译：自从“伤寒玛丽”（一名伤寒，至少在1900年代感染了47人的女性）被监禁以来，流行病学家已经认识到“超级传播”宿主在疾病流行中起着关键作用。传播的这种变异性也存在于一个社区内的物种之间以及整个景观的栖息地之间，这强调了需要一个综合框架来研究传播异质性，或者宿主或位置之间对病原体传播的贡献的差异。在这里，我们综合了人类，植物和动物疾病的文献，以评估宿主，病原体和环境因素在产生高度传染性的个体，物种和景观方面的相对影响。我们表明宿主和空间异质性紧密相连，定量评估传染性个体，物种或环境斑块对整体传播的贡献可以帮助管理策略。最后，我们提出关于病原体自然史如何影响传播变异性的假设，并强调这一研究领域中新兴的前沿领域。

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