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Probiotics in fish and shellfish culture: immunomodulatory and ecophysiological responses

机译：鱼和贝类养殖中的益生菌：免疫调节和生态生理反应

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Aquaculture is emerging as one of the most viable and promising enterprises for keeping pace with the surging need for animal protein, providing nutritional and food security to humans, particularly those residing in regions where livestock is relatively scarce. With every step toward intensification of aquaculture practices, there is an increase in the stress level in the animal as well as the environment. Hence, disease outbreak is being increasingly recognized as one of the most important constraints to aquaculture production in many countries, including India. Conventionally, the disease control in aquaculture has relied on the use of chemical compounds and antibiotics. The development of non-antibiotic and environmentally friendly agents is one of the key factors for health management in aquaculture. Consequently, with the emerging need for environmentally friendly aquaculture, the use of alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters in fish nutrition is now widely accepted. In recent years, probiotics have taken center stage and are being used as an unconventional approach that has numerous beneficial effects in fish and shellfish culture: improved activity of gastrointestinal microbiota and enhanced immune status, disease resistance, survival, feed utilization and growth performance. As natural products, probiotics have much potential to increase the efficiency and sustainability of aquaculture production. Therefore, comprehensive research to fully characterize the intestinal microbiota of prominent fish species, mechanisms of action of probiotics and their effects on the intestinal ecosystem, immunity, fish health and performance is reasonable. This review highlights the classifications and applications of probiotics in aquaculture. The review also summarizes the advancement and research highlights of the probiotic status and mode of action, which are of great significance from an ecofriendly, sustainable, intensive aquaculture point of view.
机译：水产养殖正在发展成为最能生存和有前途的企业之一，以跟上对动物蛋白不断增长的需求，为人类，尤其是家畜相对稀少的地区的人们提供营养和粮食安全。随着朝着加强水产养殖实践迈出的每一步，动物以及环境中的压力水平都在增加。因此，在包括印度在内的许多国家，疾病爆发已被日益视为水产养殖生产的最重要制约因素之一。按照惯例，水产养殖中的疾病控制依靠化学化合物和抗生素的使用。非抗生素和环境友好剂的开发是水产养殖健康管理的关键因素之一。因此，随着对环境友好型水产养殖的新需求，在鱼类营养中使用抗生素生长促进剂替代品已被广泛接受。近年来，益生菌已成为焦点，并被用作一种非常规方法，在鱼类和贝类养殖中具有许多有益作用：改善胃肠道微生物群的活性，增强免疫状态，抗病性，存活率，饲料利用率和生长性能。益生菌作为天然产品，具有极大的潜力来提高水产养殖生产的效率和可持续性。因此，进行全面研究以充分表征重要鱼类的肠道菌群，益生菌的作用机理及其对肠道生态系统，免疫力，鱼类健康和性能的影响是合理的。这篇综述重点介绍了益生菌在水产养殖中的分类和应用。综述还总结了益生菌状态和作用方式的进展和研究重点，从生态友好，可持续，集约化水产养殖的角度来看，这具有重要意义。

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