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New perspectives on insect pathogens.

机译：关于昆虫病原体的新观点。

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Recent research on entomopathogenic fungi suggests that many of them have a multifactorial influence on plant growth and soil ecology by also being endophytes, pathogens of protozoans, antagonists of plant pathogens and associates with the rhizosphere. There is very little data as to the ecological consequences of these interactions, but a deeper understanding of the mechanisms by which entomopathogens interact with other microbes, as well as with insects and plants could be used to develop the potential of these fungi as comprehensive plant symbionts. The genome sequences of the specific locust pathogen Metarhizium acridum and the broad host range Metarhizium robertsii have been used to investigate adaptations to insect parasitism and determine the identity, origin and evolution of traits needed for diverse lifestyles and host switching. Functional genomic approaches confirmed that M. robertsii up-regulates different genes in the presence of plants and insects, demonstrating that it has specialist genes for a bifunctional lifestyle. The more versatile life history pattern of M. robertsii is also reflected in a larger genome encoding more toxins and extracellular enzymes than M. acridum. However, secreted proteins are markedly more numerous in both Metarhizium spp. than in plant pathogens and non-pathogenic fungi, pointing to a greater complexity in the interactions between Metarhizium spp. and their environments. Commercial development of entomopathogenic fungi for pest control has been hindered by poor performance relative to chemical insecticides. We have demonstrated that the expression of genes encoding arthropod neurotoxins in M. robertsii can greatly improve virulence. We have also produced a Metarhizium anisopliae strain that expresses a single-chain antibody fragment that blocks transmission of malaria. Recombinant antibodies provide a vast array of potential anti-insect effectors that would allow construction of highly specific biopesticides with minimal additional negative environmental impact relative to parental wild type strains.Digital Object Identifier http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fbr.2011.04.005
机译：对昆虫病原性真菌的最新研究表明，它们中的许多物质也都是内生菌，原生动物的病原体，植物病原体的拮抗剂以及与根际的结合体，对植物的生长和土壤生态产生多方面的影响。关于这些相互作用的生态后果的数据很少，但对昆虫病原体与其他微生物以及昆虫和植物相互作用的机制的更深入了解可用于开发这些真菌作为综合植物共生体的潜力。 。特定蝗虫病原体 cri草Metarhizium 和广泛宿主 robertsii 的基因组序列已用于研究对昆虫寄生性的适应性，并确定性状的身份，起源和进化多样化的生活方式和主机切换所必需的。功能基因组学方法证实了M。 robertsii 在存在植物和昆虫的情况下会上调不同的基因，这表明它具有双功能生活方式的专门基因。 M的生活史模式更为通用。 robertsii 还反映在一个更大的基因组中，该基因组比 M编码更多的毒素和细胞外酶。抄写。但是，在 Metarhizium spp中，分泌的蛋白质明显更多。与植物病原体和非病原性真菌相比，表明 Metarhizium spp之间相互作用的复杂性更高。及其环境。相对于化学杀虫剂的不良性能已经阻碍了用于病虫害防治的昆虫病原真菌的商业开发。我们已经证明了编码节肢动物神经毒素的基因在M中的表达。 robertsii 可以大大提高毒力。我们还生产了 Metarhizium anisopliae 菌株，该菌株表达了阻断疟疾传播的单链抗体片段。重组抗体提供了大量潜在的抗昆虫效应子，这些效应子将允许构建高度特异性的生物农药，相对于亲本野生型菌株而言，具有最小的附加负面环境影响。数字对象标识符http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j。 fbr.2011.04.005

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