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Fungal proteins and genes associated with biocontrol mechanisms of soil-borne pathogens: a review

机译：与土壤传播病原体生物防治机制相关的真菌蛋白和基因：综述

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Soil suppressiveness to soil-borne diseases relies mainly on microbial interactions. Some of them, e.g. antibiosis and mycoparasitism, are directly deleterious to pathogenic fungi; others indirectly affect microbial populations, pathogens included, when quite active non pathogenic microorganisms intensively exploit trophic or spatial resources. The mechanisms that govern the suppressive nature of the various known suppressive soils are often hypothetical. The objective of this article is to review the fungal proteins and corresponding genes directly or indirectly involved in antagonistic relationships between pathogens and non-pathogens and associated with biocontrol of soil-borne pathogens. The current hypothesis is that they contribute to soil suppressiveness. We assigned the proteins encoded by these genes to five function-based groups. The first group contains the proteins involved in host recognition and signaling pathways and the transcription factors involved in biocontrol activities. Proteins that protect antagonistic fungi against their own toxins and against other microorganisms are also included in this first group. The second group lists enzymes and proteins involved in the biosynthesis pathway of secondary metabolites, such as peptaibols, terpenes, polyketides, and gliotoxins that have antifungal activity towards soil-borne plant pathogens. The third group deals with proteins and molecules involved in competition for nutrients and root colonization. The fourth one contains the fungal cell wall-degrading enzymes secreted by antagonistic fungi during mycoparasitism. They are mainly chitin-degrading enzymes, glucanases and proteases. Finally, the last group gathers fungal proteins and molecules that induce plant defense reactions and prevent infection by plant pathogens. We conclude that the proteins involved or simply associated with the specific suppression of pathogens are not all known yet, but genes encoding a number of them or facilitating their expression are identified. Selecting candidate genes among them may help to understand the underlying mechanisms of soil suppressiveness when using metatranscriptomic analyses to identify functional groups. (C) 2014 The British Mycological Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
机译：土壤对土壤传播疾病的抑制作用主要取决于微生物之间的相互作用。其中一些，例如抗菌和分支寄生，对致病真菌直接有害;当相当活跃的非病原微生物大量利用营养或空间资源时，其他微生物会间接影响微生物种群，包括病原体。控制各种已知抑制性土壤的抑制性的机制通常是假设性的。本文的目的是审查直接或间接参与病原体和非病原体之间拮抗关系并与土壤传播病原体的生物防治有关的真菌蛋白和相应基因。当前的假设是它们有助于土壤抑制。我们将这些基因编码的蛋白质分为五个基于功能的组。第一组包含参与宿主识别和信号传导途径的蛋白质，以及参与生物防治活动的转录因子。保护拮抗真菌抵御自身毒素和其他微生物的蛋白质也包括在第一类中。第二组列出了与次生代谢产物（如肽醇，萜烯，聚酮化合物和葡聚糖毒素）的生物合成途径有关的酶和蛋白质，它们对土壤传播的植物病原体具有抗真菌活性。第三类研究涉及营养和根定殖竞争的蛋白质和分子。第四种包含真菌副壁炎期间拮抗真菌分泌的真菌细胞壁降解酶。它们主要是几丁质降解酶，葡聚糖酶和蛋白酶。最后，最后一组收集可诱导植物防御反应并防止植物病原体感染的真菌蛋白质和分子。我们得出的结论是，与病原体的特异性抑制有关或仅与之相关的蛋白尚不完全清楚，但已鉴定出编码其中许多蛋白或促进其表达的基因。当使用超转录组学分析来识别功能基团时，从候选基因中选择候选基因可能有助于了解土壤抑制的潜在机制。 （C）2014英国Mycological Society。由Elsevier Ltd.出版。保留所有权利。

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