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How do Agaricomycetes shape their fruiting bodies? 1. Morphological aspects of development

机译：姬松茸如何塑造子实体？ 1.发展的形态学方面

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Fruiting body formation in Agaricomycetes (Agaricomycotina) represents the most complex developmental processes known in the fungal kingdom. Shapes range from simple resupinate forms with open hymenia through to closed puff-balls and false truffles with internally hidden hymenia and include brackets and stiped mushrooms, which may have open caps throughout or which open during development, where the hymenia cover the surfaces of gills or pores. Mushroom shapes and features do not necessarily reflect close or distant phylogenetic relationships. Thus, morphological characteristics have lost some of their former significance in taxonomy. The onset and progress of courses of processes in mushroom formation are determined by the sum of various genetic, physiological and environmental factors. Shapes of mushrooms can be dramatically changed by mutations and by adverse environmental conditions. Events in normal fruiting body formation may run in parallel or behind each other in the form of 'subroutines' that have different degrees of independency to each other. Alterations in details or in places and orders of distinct subroutines and omissions can result in abnormal mushrooms. Developmental processes, time courses and tissue structures have been described in more details for a few model species (such as the hemiangiocarpous Coprinopsis cinerea and the gymnocarpous Schizophyllum commune) and some species of commercial interest (e.g. the gymnocarpous Auricularia auricula-judae and the hemiangiocarpous Agaricus bisporus). Morphological descriptions of fruiting body development in these four species are summarized here. Agaricomycetes have relatively large genomes with more than 10,000 different genes, many of which are expressed during the fruiting process in specific pseudoparenchymatous tissues (plectenchyma) or possibly only in individual cells within a tissue and at specific times. To understand the distinct functions of all these genes in space and time will require very fine dissection and analysis of distinct mushroom tissues and cells in future studies. (C) 2015 The British Mycological Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
机译：Agaricomycetes（Agaricomycotina）中的子实体形成代表真菌王国中已知的最复杂的发育过程。形状范围从具有开放性的处女膜的简单苏蕾形式到封闭的泡芙球和带有内部隐藏的处女膜的假松露，包括托槽和蘑菇状的蘑菇，它们可能在整个过程中都具有开放的帽，或者在发育过程中开放，其中处女膜覆盖了ill的表面或毛孔。蘑菇的形状和特征不一定反映亲缘关系的远近。因此，形态特征在分类学中已经失去了它们先前的意义。蘑菇形成过程的开始和进程取决于各种遗传，生理和环境因素的总和。突变和不利的环境条件会极大地改变蘑菇的形状。正常子实体形成过程中的事件可能以“子例程”的形式相互平行或相互影响，而“子例程”具有彼此独立的程度。在细节上或在子例程和遗漏的不同地方或顺序上的更改可能会导致蘑菇异常。已针对一些模型物种（例如半角果灰冠菜和裸子皮裂果公社）和一些具有商业价值的物种（例如，赤角木耳和半球藻姬松茸）的发育过程，时程和组织结构进行了更详细的描述。 bisporus）。这里总结了这四个物种的子实体发育的形态学描述。伞菌有相对较大的基因组，具有超过10,000个不同的基因，其中许多在结实过程中在特定的伪实质组织（plectenchyma）中表达，或者可能仅在组织中的特定细胞中且在特定时间表达。要了解所有这些基因在时空上的独特功能，将需要在未来的研究中非常精细地解剖和分析不同的蘑菇组织和细胞。 （C）2015英国Mycological Society。由Elsevier Ltd.出版。保留所有权利。

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