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Role of patulin in post-harvest diseases

机译：棒曲霉素在收获后疾病中的作用

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Storage of freshly harvested deciduous fruits is a key factor in modulating their supply for several months after harvest. Penicillium expansum is a post-harvest pathogen that colonises these fruit during storage, having penetrated the fruit through wounds incurred at harvest. The fungus macerates the host tissue during the long periods of storage and simultaneously accumulates significant amounts of the mycotoxin patulin. Fungal decay is a concern for both retailers and consumers, due to the presence of mycotoxins that may appear in fresh fruit as well in their derived products, and patulin levels are therefore monitored. Patulin is a toxic secondary metabolite resulting from enzymatic pathway cascades and recently, the full gene cluster involved in the synthesis of this mycotoxin has been described. However, the factors and inducers modulating its synthesis are still not clear, although several environmental factors, including pH, temperature and cultivar, have been suggested to contribute to patulin accumulation. Nevertheless, in most cases, it was concluded that patulin may result from fungal stress (temperature, O-2, organic acid or carbon), which stimulates its production. The contribution of patulin to colonisation is still not clear; recent studies have suggested that it is involved in disease aggressiveness, indicating that disease control may be the main way to reduce patulin accumulation. In this review, we will analyse, based on recent biological data, the possible factors modulating the production of patulin by P. expansum and their contribution to colonisation of deciduous fruit. (C) 2016 British Mycological Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
机译：储存新鲜收获的落叶水果是在收获后数月内调节其供应的关键因素。扩张性青霉菌是一种收获后的病原体，在贮藏期间定植在这些果实中，已经通过收获时产生的伤口穿透了果实。真菌在长时间的存储过程中会浸软宿主组织，同时会积聚大量的真菌毒素棒蛋白。由于霉菌毒素的存在可能会出现在新鲜水果及其衍生产品中，因此对于零售商和消费者而言，真菌的腐烂都是一个问题。棒曲霉素是由酶途径级联产生的有毒的次生代谢产物，最近，已经描述了参与这种霉菌毒素合成的完整基因簇。然而，尽管已经提出了几种环境因素，包括pH，温度和品种，都可能导致棒曲霉素的积累，但仍不清楚调节其合成的因素和诱导剂。然而，在大多数情况下，得出的结论是，棒曲霉素可能是由真菌应激（温度，O-2，有机酸或碳）引起的，从而刺激了它的产生。棒曲霉素对定植的贡献尚不清楚。最近的研究表明，它与疾病侵袭性有关，表明疾病控制可能是减少展青霉素积累的主要途径。在这篇综述中，我们将基于最近的生物学数据分析可能的因素，这些因素可能会调节扩张性毕赤酵母中棒曲霉素的产生及其对落叶果树定植的贡献。 （C）2016英国Mycological Society。由Elsevier Ltd.出版。保留所有权利。

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