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首页> 外文期刊>Mammal Review >Genetics and conservation of European brown bears Ursus arctos. (Special Issue: Genetics and conservation of large mammals in Europe.)
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Genetics and conservation of European brown bears Ursus arctos. (Special Issue: Genetics and conservation of large mammals in Europe.)

机译：欧洲棕熊 Ursus arctos 的遗传学和保护。 （特刊：欧洲大型哺乳动物的遗传和保护。）

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摘要

We review the genetics research that has been conducted on the European brown bear Ursus arctos, one of the genetically best-studied mammalian species. The first genetics studies on European brown bears were on phylogeography, as a basis for proposed population augmentations. Two major mitochondrial DNA lineages, western and eastern, and two clades within the western lineage were found. This led to a hypothesis that brown bears had contracted to southern refugia during the last glacial maximum. More recent results suggest that gene flow among brown bears blurred this structure and they survived north of these putative refugia. Thus, today's structure might be a result of population fragmentation caused by humans. The nuclear diversity of European brown bears is similar in range to that in North American bears: low levels occur in the small populations and high levels in the large populations. Many non-invasive genetic methods, developed during research on brown bears, have been used for individual identification, censusing populations, monitoring migration and gene flow, and testing methods that are easier to use in endangered populations and over large areas. Genetics has been used to study many behavioural and population ecological questions that have relevance for the conservation and management of brown bears. The European brown bear has served, and will continue to serve, as a model for the development of methods, analyses and hypotheses in conservation genetics.Digital Object Identifier http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2907.2010.00179.x
机译：我们回顾了对欧洲棕熊 Ursus arctos 进行的遗传学研究，而欧洲棕熊是遗传学研究最好的哺乳动物之一。对欧洲棕熊的第一个遗传学研究是在系统地理学上，作为拟议中的种群增加的基础。发现了两个主要的线粒体DNA谱系，西部和东部，以及西部谱系内的两个进化枝。这导致了这样一个假设，即在最后一次冰川最大时期，棕熊已经收缩到南部避难所。最近的研究结果表明，棕熊之间的基因流动模糊了这种结构，它们在这些假定的避难所北部幸存下来。因此，今天的结构可能是人类造成的人口分散的结果。欧洲棕熊的核多样性与北美熊的核多样性相近：小种群的核多样性较低，而大种群的核多样性较高。在棕熊研究期间开发的许多非侵入式遗传方法已用于个体识别，人口普查，监测迁徙和基因流以及测试易于在濒临灭绝的种群和大面积区域使用的方法。遗传学已被用于研究与棕熊的养护和管理有关的许多行为和种群生态问题。欧洲棕熊已经并且将继续作为保护遗传学方法，分析和假设发展的模型。数字对象标识符http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2907.2010。 00179.x

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