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Pinniped taxonomy: review of currently recognized species and subspecies, and evidence used for their description

机译：Pinniped分类法：审查当前公认的物种和亚种，以及用于描述它们的证据

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1 Pinnipeds are charismatic but difficult to study, and taxonomy is poorly understood. An accurate taxonomic framework is essential for studies of biogeography, ecology and conservation. 2 Morphologic and genetic criteria used to recognize pinniped species and subspecies are evaluated individually for all taxa in the three families: Otariidae (sea lions and fur seals), Odobenidae (walruses) and Phocidae (seals). We advocate a pragmatic approach that, in general, follows the Evolutionary Species Concept and diagnosability criterion for subspecies delimitations. 3 Of the 33 species, all have at least two lines of evidence to distinguish them, and of the 29 subspecies, 24 have at least one line of evidence, but five have inadequate support. We present a composite phylogeny for pinnipeds. 4 We propose that the genus Arctocephalus be limited to Arctocephalus pusillus, and we resurrect the name Arctophoca for at least six species and subspecies. 5 We recommend large sample sizes and broad, random sampling in further research on pinniped taxonomy. Taxa should be described based on robust statistical analysis, not by arbitrary division of characters, and molecular research should include analysis of mtDNA and nuDNA. 6 Finally, we offer suggestions for further taxonomic research (on hybridization in otariids, and to allow consideration of life history data in sampling) in an effort to improve our understanding of pinniped diversity. Even for taxa which are already protected, better understanding of their taxonomy can only enhance their conservation status and facilitate efforts to protect their habitats.
机译：1 Pinnipeds具有超凡魅力，但很难研究，并且对分类法的了解很少。准确的分类学框架对于生物地理学，生态学和保护学的研究至关重要。 2分别评估三个科中所有分类单元的形态和遗传标准，以用于识别针刺物种和亚种：Otariidae（海狮和海狗），Odobenidae（海象）和Phocidae（海豹）。我们提倡一种务实的方法，该方法通常遵循进化物种概念和亚物种划界的可诊断性标准。 3在33个物种中，所有物种都有至少两条证据线可以区分它们，在29个亚种中，有24个物种至少有一条证据线，但是有5个物种的支持不足。我们提出了一种针对钉扎的复合系统发育。 4我们建议将Arctocephalus属仅限于Arctocephalus pusillus，并为至少六个物种和亚种重新命名Arctophoca。 5我们建议使用大样本量并进行广泛的随机抽样，以进一步研究固定式分类法。应当根据稳健的统计分析而不是任意划分字符来描述分类单元，分子研究应包括对mtDNA和nuDNA的分析。 6最后，我们为进一步的分类学研究提供了建议（关于OTARIIDS中的杂交，并允许考虑采样中的生活史数据），以努力增进我们对钳制多样性的理解。即使对于已经受到保护的生物分类，更好地了解其生物分类也只能提高其保护地位，并促进保护其栖息地的努力。

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