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Variations in bark-stripping by red deer Cervus elaphus across Europe

机译：欧洲整个欧洲的马鹿鹿皮剥皮现象

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1. The literature on bark-stripping by red deer Cervus elaphus in Europe is reviewed to reveal quantitative variation in this behaviour and relate it to deer density and local characteristics such as dominant tree species; occurrence of artificial feeding; altitude; region and size of the study site. We also review the importance of bark in red deer diets over the seasons and discuss the causes of bark-stripping; focusing on the significance of bark as food. 2. Over the 36 sites examined; the rate ofbark-stripping was highly variable (from 0 to 84% of susceptible trees debarked); with less damage in Scotland than in other European sites for which bark-stripping rates were higher at high red deer density. Altitude; the size of the study site; the number of dominant tree species and the occurrence of artificial feeding do not significantly relate to the rate of bark-stripping. 3. Bark sometimes made up a large proportion of red deer diet (> 10%); especially in areas with severe winters (high levelsof snow); whereas in study sites with mild winters; bark was practically not eaten at all. 4. These results suggest that severe bark-stripping could be related to a reduction in food resource availability. This food availability hypothesis needs to be better documented; dealing particularly with the possible interaction between food availability and red deer density.
机译：1.审查了欧洲有关马鹿的树皮剥皮的文献，以揭示这种行为的数量变化，并将其与鹿的密度和当地特征（例如优势树种）联系起来;发生人工喂养;高度;研究站点的区域和大小。我们还回顾了四季中树皮在马鹿饮食中的重要性，并讨论了剥皮的原因;关注树皮作为食物的重要性。 2.审查了36个地点;剥皮率变化很大（从0到84％的易感树皮剥皮）;与其他欧洲站点相比，苏格兰的破坏程度较小，欧洲其他站点在高马鹿密度下剥皮率更高。高度;研究地点的大小;优势树种的数量和人工进食的发生与剥皮率没有显着关系。 3.树皮有时占马鹿饮食的很大一部分（> 10％）;特别是在冬季严峻（积雪水平高）的地区;而在冬季温和的研究地点;树皮几乎根本没有被吃掉。 4.这些结果表明，严重的剥树皮现象可能与粮食资源供应减少有关。这种粮食供应假说需要得到更好的证明;特别处理食物供应量与马鹿密度之间可能的相互作用。

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