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Responses of cetaceans to anthropogenic, noise

机译：鲸类对人为噪声的响应

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1. Since the last thorough review of the effects of anthropogenic noise on cetaceans in 1995, a substantial number of research reports has been published and our ability to document response(s), or the lack thereof, has improved. While rigorous measurement of responses remains important, there is an increased need to interpret observed actions in the context of population-level consequences and acceptable exposure levels. There has been little change in the sources of noise, with the notable addition of noise from wind farms and novel acoustic deterrent and harassment devices (ADDs/AHDs). Overall, the noise sources of primary concern are ships, seismic exploration, sonars of all types and some AHDs. 2. Responses to noise fall into three main categories: behavioural, acoustic and physiological. We reviewed reports of the first two exhaustively, reviewing all peer-reviewed literature since 1995 with exceptions only for emerging subjects. Furthermore, we fully review only those studies for which received sound characteristics (amplitude and frequency) are reported, because interpreting what elicits responses or lack of responses is impossible without this exposure information. Behavioural responses include changes in surfacing, diving and headingpatterns. Acoustic responses include changes in type or timing of vocalizations relative to the noise source. For physiological responses we address the issues of auditory threshold shifts and 'stress', albeit in a more limited capacity; a thorough review of physiological consequences is beyond the scope of this paper. 3. Overall, we found significant progress in the documentation of responses of cetaceans to various noise sources. However, we are concerned about the lack of investigation into the potential effects of prevalent noise sources such as commercial sonars, depth finders and fisheries acoustics gear. Furthermore, we were surprised at the number of experiments that failed to report any information about the sound exposure experienced by their experimental subjects. Conducting experiments with cetaceans is challenging and opportunities are limited, so use of the latter should be maximized and include rigorous measurements and or modelling of exposure.
机译：1.自从1995年对人为噪声对鲸类的影响进行最后一次全面审查以来，已经发表了大量研究报告，并且我们记录响应或不响应的能力得到了提高。尽管对响应的严格衡量仍然很重要，但是越来越需要在人口层面的后果和可接受的暴露水平的背景下解释观察到的行动。噪声源几乎没有变化，其中显着增加了来自风电场的噪声以及新颖的声学威慑和骚扰设备（ADD / AHD）。总体而言，主要关注的噪声源是船舶，地震勘探，各种声纳和某些AHD。 2.对噪声的响应可分为三大类：行为，声学和生理。我们详尽地回顾了前两篇的报告，回顾了自1995年以来所有经过同行评审的文献，但仅针对新兴主题。此外，我们仅对报告了接收到的声音特征（幅度和频率）的研究进行全面审查，因为如果没有这些暴露信息，就无法解释引起反应的原因或缺乏反应的情况。行为反应包括表面变化，潜水和航向模式的变化。声学响应包括相对于噪声源的发声类型或发声时间的变化。对于生理反应，尽管能力有限，我们还是要解决听觉阈值变化和“压力”的问题。对生理后果的彻底审查超出了本文的范围。 3.总体而言，我们在鲸类对各种噪声源的响应记录中发现了重大进展。但是，我们担心缺乏对诸如商业声纳，测深仪和渔业声学设备等流行噪声源的潜在影响的调查。此外，令我们惊讶的是，有大量实验未能报告有关实验对象经历的声音暴露的任何信息。用鲸类动物进行实验是具有挑战性的，并且机会是有限的，因此应该最大限度地利用后者，并包括严格的测量和/或暴露模型。

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