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首页> 外文期刊>Mammal Review >Terrestrial carnivores and human food production: impact and management
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Terrestrial carnivores and human food production: impact and management

机译：陆生食肉动物和人类粮食生产：影响和管理

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摘要

1. The production of food for human consumption has led to an historical and global conflict with terrestrial carnivores, which in turn has resulted in the extinction or extirpation of many species, although some have benefited. At present, carnivores affect food production by: (i) killing human producers; killing and/or eating (ii) fish/shellfish; (iii) game/wildfowl; (iv) livestock; (v) damaging crops; (vi) transmitting diseases; and (vii) through trophic interactions with other species in agricultural landscapes. Conversely, carnivores can themselves be a source of dietary protein (bushmeat). 2. Globally, the major areas of conflict are predation on livestock and the transmission of rabies. At a broad scale, livestock predation is a customary problem where predators are present and has been quantified for a broad range of carnivore species, although the veracity of these estimates is equivocal. Typically, but not always, losses are small relative to the numbers held, but can be a significant proportion of total livestock mortality. Losses experienced by producers are often highly variable, indicating that factors such as husbandry practices and predator behaviour may significantly affect the relative vulnerability of properties in the wider landscape. Within livestock herds, juvenile animals are particularly vulnerable. 3. Proactive and reactive culling are widely practised as a means to limit predation on livestock and game. Historic changes in species' distributions and abundance illustrate that culling programmes can be very effective at reducing predator density, although such substantive impacts are generally considered undesirable for native predators. However, despite their prevalence, the effectiveness, efficiency and the benefit:cost ratio of culling programmes have been poorly studied. 4. A wide range of non-lethal methods to limit predation has been studied. However, many of these have their practical limitations and are unlikely to be widely applicable. 5. Lethal approaches are likely to dominate the management of terrestrial carnivores for the foreseeable future, but animal welfare considerations are increasingly likely to influence management strategies. The adoption of non-lethal approaches will depend upon proof of their effectiveness and the willingness of stakeholders to implement them, and, in some cases, appropriate licensing and legislation. 6. Overall, it is apparent that we still understand relatively little about the importance of factors affecting predation on livestock and how to manage this conflict effectively. We consider the following avenues of research to be essential: (i) quantified assessments of the loss of viable livestock; (ii) landscape-level studies of contiguous properties to quantify losses associated with variables such as different husbandry practices; (iii) replicated experimental manipulations to identify the relative benefit of particular management practices, incorporating (iv) techniques to identify individual predators killing stock; and (v) economic analyses of different management approaches to quantify optimal production strategies.
机译：1.供人类消费的粮食生产导致了与陆生食肉动物的历史性和全球性冲突，继而导致许多物种的灭绝或灭绝，尽管其中一些受益。目前，食肉动物通过以下方式影响粮食生产：（i）杀死人类生产者;杀死和/或吃（ii）鱼/贝类; （iii）野味/野禽; （iv）牲畜; （v）破坏农作物; （vi）传播疾病; （vii）通过与农业景观中其他物种的营养相互作用。相反，食肉动物本身可以成为饮食蛋白（大麦草）的来源。 2.在全球范围内，冲突的主要领域是掠夺牲畜和狂犬病的传播。从广义上讲，牲畜的捕食是一个普遍存在的问题，尽管存在捕食者，并已对各种食肉动物进行了量化，尽管这些估计的准确性是模棱两可的。通常但并非总是如此，损失相对于所持有的数量而言很小，但可能占牲畜总死亡率的很大一部分。生产者遭受的损失往往变化很大，这表明诸如饲养管理和掠食者行为等因素可能会极大地影响财产在更广范围内的相对脆弱性。在牲畜群中，未成年动物特别脆弱。 3.主动和被动扑杀被广泛采用，以限制掠夺牲畜和猎物。物种分布和丰度的历史性变化表明，尽管通常认为这种实质性影响对于本地捕食者而言是不希望的，但是扑杀程序在降低捕食者密度方面可能非常有效。然而，尽管它们很普遍，但对剔除程序的有效性，效率和收益/成本比的研究却很少。 4.已经研究了各种限制捕食的非致命方法。但是，其中许多方法都有其实际局限性，因此不太可能广泛应用。 5.在可预见的将来，致命的方法可能会主导陆生食肉动物的管理，但是动物福利方面的考虑越来越有可能影响管理策略。非致命方法的采用将取决于其有效性和利益相关者执行它们的意愿的证明，在某些情况下还取决于适当的许可和立法。 6.总体而言，显然，对于影响牲畜捕食的因素的重要性以及如何有效处理这一冲突，我们仍然了解得很少。我们认为以下研究途径是必不可少的：（i）对可生存牲畜损失的量化评估; （ii）在景观层面上对连续性进行研究，以量化与变量有关的损失，例如不同的饲养方式; （iii）重复实验操作以确定特定管理方法的相对利益，并结合（iv）识别个体掠食者杀死种群的技术; （v）对不同管理方法的经济分析，以量化最佳生产策略。

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