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Physiological role of alternative oxidase (from yeasts to plants)

机译：替代氧化酶的生理作用（从酵母到植物）

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Mitochondria of all so far studied organisms, with the exception of Archaea, mammals, some yeasts, and protists, contain, along with the classical phosphorylating cytochrome pathway, a so-called cyanide-insensitive alternative oxidase (AOX) localized on the matrix side of the mitochondrial inner membrane, and electron transport through which is not coupled with ATP synthesis and energy accumulation. Mechanisms underlying plentiful functions of AOX in organisms at various levels of organization ranging from yeasts to plants are considered. First and foremost, AOX provides a chance of cell survival after inhibiting the terminal components of the main respiratory chain or losing the ability to synthesize these components. The vitally important role of AOX is obvious in thermogenesis of thermogenic plant organs where it becomes the only terminal oxidase with a very high activity, and the energy of substrate oxidation by this respiratory pathway is converted into heat, thus promoting evaporation of volatile substances attracting pollinating insects. AOX plays a fundamentally significant role in alleviating or preventing oxidative stress, thus ensuring the defense against a wide range of stresses and adverse environmental conditions, such as changes in temperature and light intensities, osmotic stress, drought, and attack by incompatible strains of bacterial pathogens, phytopathogens, or their elicitors. Participation of AOX in pathogen survival during its existence inside the host, in antivirus defense, as well as in metabolic rearrangements in plants during embryogenesis and cell differentiation is described. Examples are given to demonstrate that AOX might be an important tool to overcome the adverse aftereffects of restricted activity of the main respiratory chain in cells and whole animals.
机译：迄今为止，除古细菌，哺乳动物，某些酵母和原生生物外，所有研究过的生物的线粒体都包含一种经典的磷酸化细胞色素途径，以及一种所谓的对氰化物不敏感的替代氧化酶（AOX），该酶位于基质的基质侧。线粒体内膜，以及通过其的电子传输与ATP的合成和能量积累不相关。考虑了在从酵母到植物的各种组织水平的生物体中AOX的丰富功能的潜在机制。首先，在抑制主呼吸链的末端成分或失去合成这些成分的能力之后，AOX提供了细胞存活的机会。 AOX在生热植物器官的热生成过程中发挥着至关重要的作用，在此过程中，AOX成为唯一具有很高活性的末端氧化酶，并且该呼吸途径的底物氧化能量转化为热量，从而促进挥发性物质的蒸发，从而吸引授粉。昆虫。 AOX在缓解或预防氧化应激方面起着根本性的重要作用，因此可确保抵御各种压力和不利的环境条件，例如温度和光照强度的变化，渗透压，干旱以及细菌病原体不相容菌株的侵袭，植物病原体或其引发剂。描述了AOX参与病原体存活的过程，包括其在宿主体内的存在，抗病毒防御以及胚胎发生和细胞分化过程中植物的代谢重排。实例表明，AOX可能是克服细胞和整个动物体内主要呼吸链活动受限的不良后果的重要工具。

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