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Phylogeny of aging and related phenoptotic phenomena

机译：衰老的系统发育和相关的表现象

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摘要

The interpretation of aging as adaptive, i.e. as a phenomenon genetically determined and modulated, and with an evolutionary advantage, implies that aging, as any physiologic mechanism, must have phylogenetic connections with similar phenomena. This review tries to find the phylogenetic connections between vertebrate aging and some related phenomena in other species, especially within those phenomena defined as phenoptotic, i.e. involving the death of one or more individuals for the benefit of other individuals. In particular, the aim of the work is to highlight and analyze similarities and connections, in the mechanisms and in the evolutionary causes, between: (i) proapoptosis in prokaryotes and apoptosis in unicellular eukaryotes; (ii) apoptosis in unicellular and multicellular eukaryotes; (iii) aging in yeast and in vertebrates; and (iv) the critical importance of the DNA subtelomeric segment in unicellular and multicellular eukaryotes. In short, there is strong evidence that vertebrate aging has clear similarities and connections with phenomena present in organisms with simpler organization. These phylogenetic connections are a necessary element for the sustainability of the thesis of aging explained as an adaptive phenomenon, and, on the contrary, are incompatible with the opposite view of aging as being due to the accumulation of random damages of various kinds.
机译：将衰老解释为适应性的，即是一种遗传决定和调节的现象，并具有进化优势，这意味着衰老作为任何生理机制，都必须与相似的现象有系统的联系。这篇综述试图找到脊椎动物衰老与其他物种的一些相关现象之间的系统发育联系，特别是在那些被定义为表现象的现象中，即涉及一个或多个个体的死亡以造福其他个体。尤其是，这项工作的目的是强调和分析机制和进化原因之间的相似性和联系：（i）原核生物的凋亡和单细胞真核细胞的凋亡; （ii）单细胞和多细胞真核细胞的凋亡; （iii）酵母和脊椎动物的衰老; （iv）DNA亚端粒片段在单细胞和多细胞真核生物中的至关重要性。简而言之，有强有力的证据表明，脊椎动物的衰老与组织简单的生物体中存在的现象具有明显的相似性和联系。这些系统发育关系是衰老论点可持续性的必要要素，被解释为一种适应性现象，相反，由于各种随机损伤的积累，它们与衰老的相反观点不相容。

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