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首页> 外文期刊>Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology >Safe betting: males help dull females only when they raise high-quality offspring
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Safe betting: males help dull females only when they raise high-quality offspring

机译：安全的投注：雄性仅在抚育优质后代时才帮助雌性钝性

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In evolutionary biology, whether parents should enhance or reduce parental care according to mate ornamentation is a subject of great debate. However, the evolution of female ornaments can shed light on this question. In theory, female ornamentation should be traded off against fecundity and thus cannot be wholly informative to males without a direct indication of fecundity. Hence, direct cues of offspring quality should affect the relationship between male investment and female ornamentation. Under this hypothesis, we manipulated two direct cues of offspring quality (egg size and color) after first egg laying in the blue-footed booby and registered male incubation patterns. In this species, foot color is a dynamic signal of current condition and in females is traded off with egg size. We found that males spent more time incubating when paired with dull females but only in nests with large eggs. Males also spent less time incubating small dull eggs. Results indicate that egg size, a direct cue of reproductive value, affected the relationship between male effort and female ornamentation. Males may be willing to help females that have invested in offspring at the expense of ornamentation, which suggests compensation when females are in low condition. Another possibility is that males relax their effort when paired with highly ornamented and fecund females because they have high parenting abilities. Our findings suggest that the information conveyed by female ornaments may depend on direct cues of fecundity. Results also highlight that parental decisions are complex, modulated by a combination of information sources.
机译：在进化生物学中，父母是否应该根据配偶的装饰来增加或减少父母的照料是一个有争议的话题。但是，女性装饰品的演变可以阐明这个问题。从理论上讲，女性的装饰品应该与生育力权衡，因此，如果没有生育力的直接指示，就不能完全为男性提供信息。因此，后代质量的直接线索应该影响男性投资和女性装饰之间的关系。在此假设下，我们先将两个卵的后代质量（卵的大小和颜色）直接提示给蓝脚鱼并记录雄性孵化模式。在这个物种中，脚的颜色是当前状况的动态信号，而在雌性中，脚的颜色与蛋的大小权衡。我们发现，与呆滞的雌性配对时，雄性会花费更多的时间进行孵化，但只能在大卵巢中进行。雄性孵化小钝鸡蛋的时间也更少。结果表明，卵的大小是生殖价值的直接提示，影响了雄性努力与雌性装饰之间的关系。雄性可能愿意以牺牲装饰为代价来帮助已投资后代的雌性，这建议在雌性处于低位时予以补偿。另一个可能性是，雄性与高装饰性和繁殖力强的雌性配对时会放松努力，因为他们具有很高的养育能力。我们的发现表明，女性装饰品传达的信息可能取决于生育力的直接提示。结果还表明，父母的决定是复杂的，受多种信息源的调节。

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