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Anastomosis behavior differs between asymbiotic and symbiotic hyphae of Rhizophagus clarus

机译：根瘤菌的共生菌丝的非共生和共生行为不同

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The life history of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF, Glomeromycota) consists of a short asymbiotic phase when spores germinate and a longer symbiotic phase where hyphae form a network within roots and subsequently in the rhizosphere. Hyphal anastomosis contributes to colony formation, yet this process has been studied mostly in the asymbiotic phase rather than in mycorrhizal plants because of methodological limitations. We sought to compare patterns of anastomosis during each phase of fungal growthby measuring hyphal fusions in genetically identical and different single spore isolates of Rhizophagus clarus from different environments and geographic locations. These isolates were genotyped with two anonymous markers of microsatellite-flank-ing regions. Anastomosis of hyphae from germinating spores was examined in axenic Petri dishes. A rhizohyphatron consisting of agar-coated glass slides bridging single or paired mycorrhizal sorghum plants allowed evaluation of anastomosis of symbiotic hyphae. Anastomosis of hyphae within a colony, defined here as a mycelium from an individual germinating spore or from mycorrhizal roots of one plant, occurred with similar frequencies (8-38%). However, anastomosis between paired colonies was observed in germinating spores from either genetically identical or different isolates, but it was never detected in symbiotic hyphae. The frequency of anastomosis in asymbiotic hyphae from paired interactions was low, occurring in fewer than 6% of hyphal contacts. These data suggest that anastomosis is relatively unconstrained when interactions occur within a colony but is confined to asymbiotic hyphae when interactions occur between paired colonies. This pattern of behavior suggests that asymbiotic and symbiotic phases of mycelium development by K clarus may differ in function. Anastomosis in the asymbiotic phase may provide brief opportunities for gene flow between populations of this and possibly other AMF species.
机译：丛枝菌根真菌（AMF，Glomeromycota）的生活史由孢子萌发时的短暂非共生期和较长的共生期组成，其中菌丝在根内并随后在根际形成网络。菌丝吻合有助于菌落的形成，但是由于方法学上的限制，大多数在非共生阶段而不是在菌根植物中研究了这一过程。我们试图通过测量来自不同环境和地理位置的遗传上相同和不同的紫红色根瘤菌单孢子分离株中的菌丝融合来比较真菌生长每个阶段的吻合方式。这些分离物的基因型带有两个微卫星侧翼区域的匿名标记。在无菌陪替氏培养皿中检查了发芽孢子菌丝的吻合情况。由琼脂包被的载玻片组成的桥接单根或成对的菌根高粱植物的根际电子加速器可以评估共生菌丝的吻合情况。菌落内菌丝的吻合（此处定义为来自单个发芽孢子或一种植物的菌根的菌丝体）发生的频率相似（8-38％）。然而，成对的菌落之间在从相同或不同遗传分离物中萌发的孢子中观察到了吻合，但是在共生菌丝中从未发现过。配对相互作用引起的非共生菌丝吻合的频率很低，发生在菌丝接触的少于6％的情况下。这些数据表明，当在菌落内发生相互作用时，吻合相对不受限制，但是当在成对菌落之间发生相互作用时，吻合仅限于非共生菌丝。这种行为模式表明，K clarus形成菌丝体的非共生和共生阶段可能在功能上有所不同。非共生阶段的吻合可能为该种群和其他AMF种群之间的基因流动提供短暂的机会。

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