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Evolutionary consequences of putative intra-and interspecific hybridization in agaric fungi

机译：真菌内推定的种内和种间杂交的进化结果

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Agaric fungi of the southern Appalachian Mountains including Great Smoky Mountains National Park are often heterozygous for the rDNA internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) with >42% of collections showing some heterozygosity for indels and/or base-pair substitutions. For these collections, intra-individual haplotype divergence is typically less than 2%, but for 3% of these collections intraindividual haplotype divergence exceeds that figure. We hypothesize that high intra-individual haplotype divergence is due to hybridization between agaric fungi with divergent haplotypes, possibly migrants from geographically isolated glacial refugia. Four species with relatively high haplotype divergence were examined: Armillaria mellea, Amanita citrina f. lavendula, Gymnopus dichrous and the Hygrocybe flavescens/ chlorophana complex. The ITS region was sequenced, haplotypes of heterozygotes were resolved through cloning, and phylogenetic analyses were used to determine the outcome of hybridization events. Within Armillaria mellea and Amanita citrina f. lavendula, we found evidence of interbreeding and recombination. Within G. dichrous and H. flavescens/ chlorophana, hybrids were identified but there was no evidence for F-2 or higher progeny in natural populations suggesting that the hybrid fruitbodies might be an evolutionary dead end and that the genetically divergent Mendelian populations from which they were derived are, in fact, different species. The association between ITS haplotype divergence of less than 5% (Armillaria mellea = 2.6% excluding gaps; Amanita citrina f. lavendula = 3.3%) with the presence of putative recombinants and greater than 5% (Gymnopus dichrous = 5.7%; Hygrogbe flavescens/ chlorophana = 14.1%) with apparent failure of F-1 hybrids to produce F-2 or higher progeny in populations may suggest a correlation between genetic distance and reproductive isolation.to determine the outcome of hybridization events. Within Armillaria mellea and Amanita citrina f. lavendula, we found evidence of interbreeding and recombination. Within G. dichrous and H. flavescens/ chlorophana, hybrids were identified but there was no evidence for F-2 or higher progeny in natural populations suggesting that the hybrid fruitbodies might be an evolutionary dead end and that the genetically divergent Mendelian populations from which they were derived are, in fact, different species. The association between ITS haplotype divergence of less than 5% (Armillaria mellea = 2.6% excluding gaps; Amanita citrina f. lavendula = 3.3%) with the presence of putative recombinants and greater than 5% (Gymnopus dichrous = 5.7%; Hygrogbe flavescens/ chlorophana = 14.1%) with apparent failure of F-1 hybrids to produce F-2 or higher progeny in populations may suggest a correlation between genetic distance and reproductive isolation.
机译：阿巴拉契亚山脉南部的真菌（包括大烟山国家公园）通常是rDNA内部转录间隔区（ITS）的杂合子，> 42％的集合显示出indel和/或碱基对替代的杂合性。对于这些集合，个体内单倍型差异通常小于2％，但是对于这些集合中的3％，训练中单倍型差异超过该数字。我们假设高个体内单倍型差异是由于木耳真菌与单倍型之间的杂交所致，可能是来自地理上孤立的冰川避难所的移民。研究了四个具有较高单倍型差异的物种：蜜环蜜环菌，黄伞形鹅膏菌。薰衣草，裸露的裸藻和黑潮草/氯仿复合物。对ITS区域进行测序，通过克隆解析杂合子的单倍型，并利用系统发育分析确定杂交事件的结果。在蜜环蜜环菌和黄粉虫鹅膏内。在薰衣草中，我们发现了杂交和重组的证据。在G. dichrous和H. flavescens / chlorophana中，已鉴定出杂种，但没有证据表明自然种群中存在F-2或更高的后代，这表明杂种子实体可能是进化的死胡同，并且从其遗传上不同的孟德尔种群实际上，它们是不同的物种。 ITS单倍型差异小于5％（黑粉病= 2.6％（不包括缺口）;鹅膏菌（Amanita citrina f。lavendula）= 3.3％）与假定的重组体之间的关联以及大于5％（Gymnopus dichrous = 5.7％; Hygrogbe flavescens /在种群中，F-1杂种明显无法产生F-2或更高的后代，导致其chlorophana = 14.1％），这可能表明遗传距离与生殖分离之间存在相关性，从而确定了杂交事件的结果。在蜜环蜜环菌和黄粉虫鹅膏内。在薰衣草中，我们发现了杂交和重组的证据。在G. dichrous和H. flavescens / chlorophana中，已鉴定出杂种，但没有证据表明自然种群中存在F-2或更高的后代，这表明杂种子实体可能是进化的死胡同，并且从其遗传上不同的孟德尔种群实际上，它们是不同的物种。 ITS单倍型差异小于5％（黑粉病= 2.6％（不包括缺口）;鹅膏菌（Amanita citrina f。lavendula）= 3.3％）与假定的重组体之间的关联以及大于5％（Gymnopus dichrous = 5.7％; Hygrogbe flavescens /氯仿= 14.1％）的F-1杂种明显无法在种群中产生F-2或更高的后代，这可能表明遗传距离与生殖分离之间存在相关性。

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