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Convex and concave nanodots and lines induced on HOPG surfaces by AFM voltages in ambient air

机译：环境空气中AFM电压在HOPG表面上产生的凹凸纳米点和线

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摘要

Convex and concave nanodots were created on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) in ambient air by applying a voltage pulse between a metal-coated atomic force microscope (AFM) tip and the sample surface. Using a linear scan with a positive substrate bias, nanoscale lines were also etched on the HOPG surface. Depending on the amplitude and duration of the voltage pulse, the nanostructures are either convex or concave. The depth of the concave structure sharply increased with the amplitude and duration of the voltage pulse, while the height of the convexity stayed at a low level and varied in a small range with the voltage lower than a threshold value. Under negative substrate bias or in a vacuum, no change occurred on the HOPG surface in the experimental range. The formation of the nanostructures can be ascribed to the primary dissociative adsorption of water and oxygen in air induced by the intensive hole concentration and the subsequent defect-assisted oxidation of graphite.
机译：通过在金属涂层的原子力显微镜（AFM）尖端和样品表面之间施加电压脉冲，在环境空气中的高度定向的热解石墨（HOPG）上创建凸和凹的纳米点。使用具有正衬底偏置的线性扫描，还在HOPG表面上刻蚀了纳米级线。根据电压脉冲的幅度和持续时间，纳米结构是凸的或凹的。凹形结构的深度随着电压脉冲的幅度和持续时间而急剧增加，而凸形的高度保持在低水平，并且在电压低于阈值时在小范围内变化。在负的基材偏压下或在真空中，HOPG表面在实验范围内未发生变化。纳米结构的形成可以归因于空气中水和氧气的主要解离吸附，这是由于密集的空穴浓度以及随后的石墨的缺陷辅助氧化引起的。

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