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Genetic patterns reveal historical and contemporary dispersal of a tree pathogen

机译：遗传模式揭示树木病原体的历史和当代传播

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Sphaerulina musiva (Peck) Verkley, Quaedvlieg and Crous (syn = Septoria musiva Peck, Mycosphaerella populorum Thompson) is a pathogen of poplar that causes two distinct diseases, leaf spots and cankers. This pathogen co-evolved with Populus deltoides but recent reports have linked it to infections in planted stands of P. trichocarpa, P. balsamifera and their hybrids. Reports of S. musiva have mainly come from central and eastern US and eastern Canada, the assumed endemic range of the pathogen. S. musiva was detected for the first time in the Canadian provinces of British Columbia in 2006 and in Alberta in 2009. Our objectives were to determine the source of S. musiva in British Columbia and Alberta and examine the dispersal pathways of this pathogen across North America. For this task we sequenced eight genes and extracted single nucleotide polymorphisms on a geographically diverse set of 73 strains of S. musiva. Population structure and Approximate Bayesian Computation (ABC) analyses eliminated eastern Canada as a source for these introductions. Genetic diversity estimates and ABC analyses support an eastern US centre of origin for S. musiva and two waves of dispersal into Canada. The recently detected west Canadian populations appear to have received contributions from Saskatchewan (a western Canadian population) and also, in the case of British Columbia from the mid-west US populations. These results also reveal distinct eastern and western Canadian populations. Our analyses suggest that dissemination of the pathogen appears to be associated with the natural distribution of wild P. deltoides and more recently linked to anthropogenic activities. The most parsimonious explanation for the contemporary spread of S. musiva across the landscape is via infected plant material. Our analysis of the tree disease caused by S. musiva demonstrates that a population genetics approach is essential to reveal potential sources and patterns of spread of a pathogen.
机译：小球藻Verkley，Quaedvlieg和Crous（syn = Septoria musiva Peck，Mycosphaerella populorum Thompson）是杨树的病原体，可引起两种不同的疾病，如叶斑病和溃疡病。该病原体与三角果杨共同进化，但最近的报道已将其与毛果假单胞菌，香脂假单胞菌及其杂种的种植林中的感染联系起来。肌肉链球菌的报告主要来自美国中部和东部以及加拿大东部，这是病原体的假定流行范围。在2006年和2009年在加拿大的不列颠哥伦比亚省和艾伯塔省首次发现了葡萄球菌。我们的目标是确定不列颠哥伦比亚省和艾伯塔省的葡萄球菌的来源，并检查该病原体在北半球的传播途径。美国。为此，我们对8个基因进行了测序，并在地域不同的73个葡萄球菌菌株上提取了单核苷酸多态性。人口结构和近似贝叶斯计算（ABC）分析消除了加拿大东部地区作为这些引种的来源。遗传多样性估计和ABC分析支持美国东部的小枝链球菌起源中心和两次向加拿大的扩散。最近发现的加拿大西部人口似乎已经从萨斯喀彻温省（加拿大西部人口）获得了捐款，在不列颠哥伦比亚省的情况下，也来自美国中西部人口。这些结果还揭示了加拿大东部和西部不同的人口。我们的分析表明，病原体的传播似乎与野生三角假单胞菌的自然分布有关，并且最近与人为活动有关。对于当代S. musiva在整个景观中传播的最简约的解释是通过被感染的植物材料。我们对由葡萄球菌引起的树木疾病的分析表明，种群遗传学方法对于揭示病原体的潜在来源和传播方式至关重要。

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