Differing Effects of Education on Cognitive Decline in Diverse Elders With Low Versus High Educational Attainment

Zahodne Laura B.; Stern Yaakov; Manly Jennifer J.

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Differing Effects of Education on Cognitive Decline in Diverse Elders With Low Versus High Educational Attainment

机译：教育程度低与教育水平高的多元化老年人对认知能力下降的不同影响

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Objective: In light of growing debate over whether and how early life educational experiences alter late-life cognitive trajectories, this study sought to more thoroughly investigate the relationship between educational attainment and rates of late-life cognitive decline in a racially, ethnically, and educationally diverse population. Method: Older adults (N = 3,435) in the community-based Washington Heights-Inwood Columbia Aging Project were administered neuropsychological tests of memory, language, visuospatial function, and processing speed at approximate 24-month intervals for up to 18 years. Second-order latent growth curves estimated direct and indirect (through income) effects of educational attainment on rates of global cognitive decline separately in individuals with low (0-8 years) and high (9-20 years) educational attainment. Results: More years of education were associated with higher cognitive level and slower cognitive decline in individuals with low or high educational attainment. The association between having more than 9 years of education and exhibiting slower cognitive decline was fully mediated by income. Although having additional years of education up to 8 years was also associated with higher income, this did not explain associations between education and cognitive change in the low-education group. Conclusions: Early education (i.e., up to 8 years) may promote aspects of development during a sensitive period of childhood that protect against late-life cognitive decline independent of income. In contrast, later education (i.e., 9 years and beyond) is associated with higher income, which may influence late-life cognitive health through multiple, nonmutually exclusive pathways.

机译：目的：鉴于关于早期教育经历是否以及如何改变晚期认知轨迹的争论日益增多，本研究旨在更彻底地调查种族，种族和教育程度中教育程度与晚期认知下降率之间的关系。人口多样化。方法：以社区为基础的华盛顿高地因伍德伍德哥伦比亚老龄化项目中的老年人（N = 3,435）以大约24个月的间隔进行记忆，语言，视觉空间功能和处理速度的神经心理学测试，长达18年。二阶潜伏增长曲线分别估计了受教育程度低（0-8岁）和高教育水平（9-20岁）的个人受教育程度对全球认知下降率的直接和间接（通过收入）影响。结果：受教育程度较低或较高的人，受教育年限与较高的认知水平和较慢的认知能力下降有关。受过9年以上教育与认知能力下降较慢之间的关联完全由收入来调节。尽管受教育年限最长可达8年也与较高的收入有关，但这并不能解释低学历群体中教育与认知变化之间的关联。结论：早期教育（即长达8年）可能会在儿童的敏感时期促进发育方面的发展，从而防止与收入无关的晚年认知能力下降。相反，以后的教育（即9岁及以上）与较高的收入相关，这可能通过多种非互斥的途径影响晚年的认知健康。

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《Neuropsychology》 |2015年第4期|共9页
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Zahodne Laura B.; Stern Yaakov; Manly Jennifer J.;
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正文语种 eng
中图分类医学心理学、病理心理学;
关键词
cognitive aging; socioeconomic status; income; statistical modeling;

机译：认知老化;社会经济地位;收入;统计模型;

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1. Differing Effects of Education on Cognitive Decline in Diverse Elders With Low Versus High Educational Attainment [J] . Zahodne Laura B., Stern Yaakov, Manly Jennifer J. Neuropsychology . 2015,第4期

机译：教育程度低与教育水平高的多元化老年人对认知能力下降的不同影响
2. The relationship between cognitive decline and a genetic predictor of educational attainment [J] . Ding Xuejie, Barban Nicola, Tropf Felix C., Social science and medicine . 2019,第期

机译：认知下降与教育程度遗传预测因子的关系
3. Educational attainment as a proxy for cognitive ability in selection: Effects on levels of cognitive ability and adverse impact [J] . Berry CM, Gruys ML, Sackett PR Journal of Applied Psychology . 2006,第3期

机译：受教育程度替代选择中的认知能力：对认知能力水平的影响和不利影响
4. Higher Educational Expansion Policy, Educational Attainment and Urban Income Disparity: Evidence from China [C] . Shu Cao, Jianing Mi, Rui Sun International Conference on Modern Management, Education Technology, and Social Science . 2019

机译：高等教育扩张政策，教育程度和城市收入差异：来自中国的证据
5. Educational expectations vs. educational trajectory: Social psychological and school organizational perspectives on adolescent educational attainment. [D] . Dauber, Susan Lynn. 1994

机译：教育期望与教育轨迹：关于青少年受教育程度的社会心理学和学校组织观点。
6. Differing effects of education on cognitive decline in diverse elders with low versus high educational attainment [O] . Laura B. Zahodne, Yaakov Stern, Jennifer J. Manly -1

机译：教育程度低和文化程度高的不同老年人对认知能力下降的不同影响
7. Decision-making is the process of analyzing information about a problem situation and comparing it to a specific conclusion in order to solve a specific problematic (Yıkılmaz, 2001; Miller and Byrnes, 2001). Decision-making styles are a mechanism that is influenced by the internal and external conditions that determine the direction of the decisions of the individual, the content of the decision-making process, and the outcome of the decision-making process (Payne, Bettman and Johson, 1993; Bavol’ár and Orosová, 2015). ACT is a contemporary member of the Cognitive Behavioral Therapy family. ACT (Acceptance and commitment therapy) has both similar and different directions with Behavioral Therapies and Cognitive Therapies (Herbet and Forman, 2011; Hayes, 2004). KKT responds to classical behavioral treatments using both existential and cognitive approaches in the analysis of behavior. KKT is a science wing that tries to solve human problems with a wider perspective aimed at solving problematic human behaviors (Plumb, Stewart, Dahl and Lundgren, 2009). It is seen that there is very little research about the new approach of ACT approach when the aiming country of our country is screened and it is thought that our country will contribute to the field of psychological counseling with the work done. In the scope of the research, experimental and control groups and preliminary test, post-test and follow-up measurements of 2x3 experimental design were used. The study's study group consists of a total of 24 (12 experimental and 12 control groups) university students studying in different departments and levels, continuing their education in the academic year of 2015-2016 in Ağrı province and İbrahim Chechen University in 2015-2016 academic year. The average age of participants in the experiment and control group is 20. There were 12 participants in the experimental group, 7 female and 5 male, and 12 participants, 7 female and 5 male in the control group. Personal Information Form and Decision Making Style Scale prepared by the researcher were used in the research. In order to decide on the tests to be used in the course of analyzing the data, the scores of the participant's Decision Styles Scale pre-test, which are placed primarily in the experimental and control groups, it was analyzed whether the basic expectations of parametric tests were answered. As a result of the analysis made, the scores, skewness and kurtosis coefficients obtained from the Decision Making Styles Scale were given to the experimental and control groups. It was determined that the distribution was normal in the result of Shapiro-Wilk test, in which the skewness and kurtosis coefficients of each sub-scale were ranked between -1 and +1. Participants in the experimental and control groups; homogeneity test results for decision-style pre-test measurements indicate that the data are homogeneous. According to the results of the Mauchly Globalness Test, it has been determined that working supports the hypothesis. It was determined that there was no significant difference between the pre-test scores obtained from dependent decision-making style of experiment and control groups, but the test group showed lower mean scores at the significant level within the scores of post-test and follow-up tests. Therefore, it can be said that the ACT-oriented psychoeducation program applied to the experimental group reduces the dependent decision-making style scores from the decision style sub-dimensions and the psychoeducation program has a lasting effect. It was determined that there was no significant difference between pre-test, post-test and follow-up scores obtained from the Spontaneous-Instant Decision Style of experiment and control groups. Thus, it can be said that this situation does not cause a significant difference in the Spontaneous-Decision-Making Style scores from the decision style sub-dimensions of the ACT-oriented psychoeducation program applied to the experimental group. The ACT -oriented psychoeducation program had a decline in the intuitive decision-making styles of the individuals, but this decrease did not create significant differences. Thus, it can be said that this situation does not make a meaningful difference in the intuitive decision style scores from the decision style sub-dimensions of the KKT oriented psychoeducation program applied to the experimental group. The pre-test scores obtained from the rational decision-making style of the experimental and control groups showed that there was a difference between the post-test and the follow-up scores, but this difference was not significant. As a result of the analysis, it was determined that the test group had higher levels of rational decision style than the pre - test scores in the post test and follow - up scores, whereas the post test and follow - up test scores in the control group rational decision style showed a decrease compared to the pre - test scores. the pre - test scores. Decision-making Styles Scale Avoidant Decision Making As a result of the analysis of the mean scores of the subscale scores of pre-test, post-test and follow-up measures, the group effect was found to be insignificant. It was determined that the experimental and control groups differed significantly from the pre-test scores obtained from the avoidant decision-making style but did not show any significant change within the scores of the post-test and follow-up tests. [O] . mustafa ercengiz, ali haydar şar 2018

机译：决策是分析有关问题情况的信息并将其与特定结论进行比较的过程，以解决特定的问题（Yıkılmaz，2001; Miller和Byrnes，2001）。决策风格是一种机制，受到内部和外部条件的影响，确定个人决定的方向，决策过程的内容以及决策过程的结果（PAYNE，BETTMAN和BEDNE） Johson，1993;Bavol'ár和奥萨洛瓦，2015）。法案是认知行为治疗家庭的当代成员。行为（验收和承诺治疗）具有与行为疗法和认知疗法的类似和不同方向（Herbet和Forman，2011; Hayes，2004）。 KKT在分析行为中使用存在性和认知方法来响应古典行为治疗方法。 KKT是一个科学翼，试图解决人类问题，旨在解决有问题的人类行为（铅垂，斯图尔特，Dahl和Lundgren，2009）。有人认为，当我们国家的瞄准国家进行筛选时，有关行动方法的新方法几乎没有研究，并且认为我们的国家将为完成工作做出贡献的心理咨询领域。在研究的范围内，使用实验和对照组和初步测试，使用后测试和后续测量的2x3实验设计。该研究的研究小组包括共24名（12个实验和12个对照组）大学学生在不同的部门和水平上学习，在2015-2016学术上继续进行2015-2016的学术年度2015-2016学年年。实验和对照组参与者的平均年龄是20.实验组中有12名参与者，7名女性和5名男性，12名参与者，7名女性和5名男性。研究人员准备的个人信息表格和决策制定风格规模在研究中使用。为了决定在分析数据的过程中使用的测试，参与者的决策风格刻度预测的分数主要在实验和对照组中进行，分析了参数的基本期望吗？测试得到了回答。由于对实验和对照组给出了从决策曲调标度获得的分数，偏移和峰度分子系数。确定该分布是正常的在成熟的-WILK试验结果中，其中每亚级的偏差和刚度系数在-1到+1之间排名。实验和对照组的参与者;决策式预测测量的同质性测试结果表明数据是均匀的。根据毛毛环保试验的结果，已确定工作支持假设。据确定，从依赖决策风格的实验和对照组获得的预测分数之间没有显着差异，但测试组在测试后的分数内显示出较低的平均分数和后续的分数 - 测试。因此，可以说，应用于实验组的面向活动的心理教育程序减少了决策风格子维度的依赖决策风格分数，并且心理教育程序具有持久的效果。据确定，从实验和对照组自发决策风格获得的预测试，测试后和后续评分之间没有显着差异。因此，可以说这种情况不会导致从应用于实验组的活动导向的心理教育程序的决策风格分数的自发决策风格分数显着差异。行为的心理教育计划在个人直观的决策风格下降，但这种减少并没有产生显着的差异。因此，可以说，这种情况不会在从应用于实验组的KKT导向的心理教育程序的决策风格分数中产生有意义的决策风格分数。从实验和对照组的理性决策风格获得的预测分数显示后检验后和随访评分之间存在差异，但这种差异并不重要。由于分析，确定测试组的理性决策风格较高，而不是后测试和后续分数的预测分数，而对照组合理决策风格的后测试和后续测试分数显示出与预测试分数相比的减少。预测分数。决策款式扩展避免决策由于分析了预测试，测试后和后续措施的班次评分的平均分数，发现群体效应是微不足道的。确定实验和对照组从避免决策风格获得的预测评分中显着不同，但在测试后和后续测试的分数内没有显示出任何重大变化。
8. Enhancement of Gerontology Training and Education with Emphasis on Asian andPacific Island Populations. Social Work Practice with Asian and Pacific Island Elders. A Compilation of Readings. Asian and Pacific Island Elders: An Educational Training Module [R] . Braun, K., Yatabe, S., Koseki, L. 1996

机译：加强老年学培训和教育，重点关注亚洲和太平洋岛屿人口。亚太岛屿长者的社会工作实践。阅读汇编。亚洲及太平洋岛屿长者：教育培训模块

Differing Effects of Education on Cognitive Decline in Diverse Elders With Low Versus High Educational Attainment

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