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Oxygenation and establishment of thermogenesis in the avian embryo

机译：禽胚胎的氧合作用和热生成的建立

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The production of heat (or thermogenesis) and its response to cold improve very quickly around birth in both mammals and birds. The mechanisms for such rapid perinatal development are not fully understood. Previous experiments with hyperoxia suggested that, during the last phases of incubation, eggshell and membranes might pose a limit to oxygen availability. Hence, it was hypothesized that an improvement in oxygenation by opening the eggshell may contribute to the establishment of thermogenesis. Thermogenesis and its response to cold were measured by indirect calorimetry, in warm (38 degrees C) conditions and during 1-h exposure to 30 degrees C. Both improved throughout the various phases of the hatching process. During the latest incubation phases (internal pipping, IP, and star fracture of external pipping, EP), the removal of the eggshell in the region above the air cell raised metabolic rate both in warm and cold conditions (in IP) or the thermogenic response to cold (in EP). Adding hyperoxia after opening the eggshell caused no further increase in the thermogenic response. In cold-incubated embryos thermogenesis during the EP phase was much less than normal; in these embryos, increasing the oxygen availability did not improve thermogenesis. We conclude that oxygenation contributes to the maturation of the thermogenic mechanisms in the perinatal period as long as these mechanisms have initiated their normal developmental process. (C) 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
机译：哺乳动物和鸟类出生后，热量的产生（或生热）及其对寒冷的反应会迅速改善。这种围产期快速发展的机制尚未完全了解。先前的高氧实验表明，在孵育的最后阶段，蛋壳和膜可能会限制氧气的利用。因此，据推测，通过打开蛋壳来改善氧合作用可能有助于生热的建立。通过间接量热法，在温暖（38摄氏度）条件下以及暴露于30摄氏度1小时的过程中，通过间接量热法测量了生热及其对寒冷的反应。在孵化过程的各个阶段中，两者的生长都得到了改善。在最新的潜伏阶段（内部吸液，IP，外部吸液的星状破裂，EP），在热和冷条件下（IP），去除气囊上方区域的蛋壳都会提高新陈代谢率冷（在EP中）。打开蛋壳后添加高氧不会导致热原反应的进一步增加。在冷培养的胚胎中，EP阶段的生热远低于正常水平。在这些胚胎中，增加氧的利用并不能改善生热作用。我们得出的结论是，只要围产期开始，氧合作用有助于产热机制的成熟。 （C）2007 Elsevier Inc.保留所有权利。

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