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Metformin is synthetically lethal with glucose withdrawal in cancer cells

机译：二甲双胍对癌细胞的葡萄糖合成具有致命的合成作用

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Introduction: Diabetic macular edema (DME), cystoid macular edema (CME), age-related macular degeneration (AMD), retinal vascular occlusion (RVO) and uveitis are responsible for severe visual impairment worldwide. In some patients with these conditions, treatment with intraocular corticosteroids may be beneficial. Although off-label use of these agents has occurred for many years, novel agents including preservative-free and sustained-release intravitreal implants are currently being studied in clinical trials (CTs). Areas covered: This paper reviews the use of CTs for vitreoretinal (VR) diseases including choroidal neovascularization, CME, DME, RVO and posterior uveitis. It also discusses the use of corticosteroids for treating VR disease, including dexamethasone, fluocinolone acetonide, intravitreal implants and triamcinolone acetonide. Expert opinion: Used alone, intravitreal corticosteroids may benefit disorders such as DME, RVO and uveitis compared with standard therapy. Cases of exudative AMD non-responsive to standard treatment may benefit from combination therapy, including usage of intravitreal corticosteroid injections. Intraoperative use of these agents may aid visualization of retinal structures. Sustained-release intraocular implants have been approved for posterior uveitis and RVO associated with macular edema. In spite of this, most intraocular corticosteroids have a limited duration of action along with significant side effects, including cataract and glaucoma. Currently, intravitreal corticosteroid usage for DME is considered off-label.
机译：简介：糖尿病性黄斑水肿（DME），囊样性黄斑水肿（CME），年龄相关性黄斑变性（AMD），视网膜血管阻塞（RVO）和葡萄膜炎是导致全球范围内严重视力障碍的原因。在某些患有这些疾病的患者中，用眼内激素治疗可能是有益的。尽管这些药物的标签外使用已经发生了很多年，但目前正在临床试验（CT）中研究包括无防腐剂和缓释玻璃体内植入物在内的新型药物。涵盖领域：本文回顾了CT在玻璃体视网膜（VR）疾病（包括脉络膜新血管形成，CME，DME，RVO和后葡萄膜炎）中的应用。它还讨论了皮质类固醇在治疗VR疾病中的用途，包括地塞米松，氟轻松丙酮，玻璃体内植入物和曲安奈德。专家意见：与标准疗法相比，玻璃体内糖皮质激素单独使用可能有益于DME，RVO和葡萄膜炎等疾病。对标准治疗无反应的渗出性AMD病例可受益于联合治疗，包括玻璃体内注射皮质类固醇激素。术中使用这些药物可能有助于可视化视网膜结构。缓释眼内植入物已被批准用于与黄斑水肿相关的后葡萄膜炎和RVO。尽管如此，大多数眼内皮质类固醇的作用持续时间有限，并且具有明显的副作用，包括白内障和青光眼。目前，玻璃体内使用皮质类固醇用于DME被认为是标签外的。

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