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Land degradation and reclamation: concepts and approaches

机译：土地退化和开垦：概念和方法

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The environmental issues attract greater and world-wide concern today. National and international efforts are in place to check environmental deterioration and to speed up environmental conservation. Environmental deterioration manifests itself through negative changes in land, air, water, flora and fauna. Because of a strong bearing on the biological/agricultural production, land degradation arouses deeper concern. Agriculture being the hard core of India's economy, land degradation is consideredthe most serious problem forcing government agencies to plan and implement land recovery measures. In the widest context, land not in its original undisturbed state is referred as degraded or damaged land. In the utilitarian context, land degradation means loss of biological/agricultural productivity or erosion in the land's capacity to support desirable vegetation (like crops, forests, pastures) and to maintain the yield level over the years of use. Land degradation ows its genesis to a rather complexinterplay of biophysical and socio-economic factors. Because of diverse agroecology of India, the nature and type of land degradation too vary. Land degradation often shows a close link with agroclimate, land type and stress factors causing degradation (Fig. 1). Man induced environmental stresses change the pattern of nutrient cycling, primary productivity and biodiversity. Land degradation may also result from population growth, industrial development, deforestation, mining and quarrying, environmentalpollution, changes in agriculture and forestry practices, overgrazing, over-exploitation and soil erosion and salinization.
机译：今天，环境问题引起了世界范围的广泛关注。国家和国际都在努力检查环境恶化并加快环境保护。环境恶化是通过土地，空气，水，动植物的消极变化表现出来的。由于对生物/农业生产有重要影响，土地退化引起了更深的关注。农业是印度经济的核心，土地退化被认为是迫使政府机构计划和实施土地恢复措施的最严重问题。在最广泛的范围内，未处于原始不受干扰状态的土地称为退化或受损的土地。在功利主义的背景下，土地退化意味着生物/农业生产力的丧失或土地在支持多年生植物所需的植被（如农作物，森林，牧场）和维持单产水平方面的能力下降。土地退化的起因是生物物理和社会经济因素之间相当复杂的相互作用。由于印度的农业生态多样，土地退化的性质和类型也各不相同。土地退化通常与农业气候，土地类型和造成退化的压力因素密切相关（图1）。人为环境压力改变了养分循环，初级生产力和生物多样性的模式。土地退化还可能是由于人口增长，工业发展，森林砍伐，采矿和采石，环境污染，农业和林业做法的变化，过度放牧，过度开发以及土壤侵蚀和盐碱化造成的。

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