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首页> 外文期刊>Reviews of environmental contamination and toxicology >Chemistry and fate of simazine.
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Chemistry and fate of simazine.

机译：辛嗪的化学和命运。

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Simazine, first introduced in 1956, is a popular agricultural herbicide used to inhibit photosynthesis in broadleaf weeds and grasses. It is a member of the triazine family, and according to its physicochemical properties, it is slightly soluble in water, relatively nonvolatile, capable of partitioning into organic phases, and susceptible to photolysis. Sorption and desorption studies on its behavior in soils indicate that simazine does not appreciably sorb to minerals and has the potential to leach in clay and sandy soils. The presence of organic matter in soils contributes to simazine retention but delays its degradation. The primary sorptive mechanism of simazine to OM has been proposed to be via partitioning and/or by the interaction with functional groups of the sorbent. Farming practices directly influence the movement of simazine in soils as well. Tilled fields lower the runoff of simazine when compared to untilled fields, but tilling can also contribute to its movement into groundwater. Planting cover crops on untilled land can significantly reduce simazine runoff. Such practices are important because simazine and its byproducts have been detected in groundwater in The Netherlands, Denmark, and parts of the U.S. (California, North Carolina, Illinois, and Wisconsin) at significant concentrations. Concentrations have also been detected in surface waters around the U.S. and United Kingdom. Although the physicochemical properties of simazine do not support volatilization, residues have been found in the atmosphere and correlate with its application. Although at low concentrations, simazine has also been detected in precipitation in Pennsylvania (U.S.), Greece, and Paris (France). Abiotically, simazine can be oxidized to several degradation products. Although hydrolysis does not contribute to the dissipation of simazine, photolysis does. Microbial degradation is the primary means of simazine dissipation, but the process is relatively slow and kinetically controlled. Some bacteria and fungal species capable of utilizing simazine as a sole carbon and nitrogen source at a fast rate under laboratory conditions have been identified. Metabolism of simazine in higher organisms is via cytochrome P-450-mediated oxidation and glutathione conjugation.
机译：Simazine于1956年首次推出，是一种流行的农业除草剂，用于抑制阔叶杂草和草的光合作用。它是三嗪家族的成员，根据其理化性质，它微溶于水，相对不挥发，能够分配为有机相，并且易于光解。对其在土壤中的行为的吸附和解吸研究表明，西马津不会明显吸收矿物质，并且具有在粘土和沙质土壤中浸出的潜力。土壤中有机物的存在有助于西马津的保留，但会延迟其降解。已提出辛嗪对OM的主要吸附机理是通过分配和/或通过与吸附剂的官能团的相互作用。耕作方式也直接影响辛嗪在土壤中的移动。与耕作耕地相比，耕作耕地可降低西马津的径流，但耕作也可促进其向地下水的迁移。在耕地上种植有盖作物可以大大减少西马津的径流。这样的做法很重要，因为在荷兰，丹麦和美国部分地区（加利福尼亚州，北卡罗来纳州，伊利诺伊州和威斯康星州）的地下水中都发现了高浓度的西马津及其副产物。在美国和英国附近的地表水中也检测到了浓度。尽管simazine的理化特性不支持挥发，但已在大气中发现了残留物并与其应用相关。尽管浓度很低，但在宾夕法尼亚州（美国），希腊和巴黎（法国）的降水中也发现了西马津。非生物性地，西马津可以被氧化成几种降解产物。尽管水解不会导致辛嗪的耗散，但光解会有所帮助。微生物降解是消灭辛嗪的主要手段，但该过程相对较慢且受动力学控制。在实验室条件下，已经确定了一些能够快速利用西马津作为唯一碳和氮源的细菌和真菌物种。 simazine在高等生物中的代谢是通过细胞色素P-450介导的氧化和谷胱甘肽偶联来实现的。

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