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首页> 外文期刊>Ostrich >An analysis of bones and other materials collected by Cape Vultures at the Kransberg and Blouberg colonies, Limpopo Province, South Africa
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An analysis of bones and other materials collected by Cape Vultures at the Kransberg and Blouberg colonies, Limpopo Province, South Africa

机译：南非林波波省克兰斯堡和布劳贝格殖民地Cape Vultures收集的骨头和其他材料的分析

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We compared bones and non-faunal items collected by Cape Vultures at the Blouberg and Kransberg colonies. Bones from the base of the nesting cliffs were on average longer than those from the crops and stomachs of birds. Bones from the Blouberg cliff base were on average shorter than those from the Kransberg. A larger proportion of bones from smaller animals was the reason for this. The smaller size of the crop material was due to a greater proportion of fragmented bone. Fragmentation made bones lessidentifiable to species. The proportion of fragmented material and the particular skeletal elements discovered at the two sites were very similar and did not influence this size difference. Material from these colonies was, for the most part, smaller than bones collected from other Cape and Whitebacked Vulture colonies in Zimbabwe, Botswana and South Africa. Higher proportions of bones from smaller animals and smaller skeletal elements collected were the reasons for the smaller average size. In wildlifereserves, Gyps vultures compete with large mammalian carnivores and other scavenging birds for food, including bone. Where these competitors are absent or rare (i.e. farming areas), Gyps vultures eat more bone. Small bones (i.e. carpals, tarsals, phalanges, etc.), quickly eaten by spotted hyenas in game reserves, are collected in large numbers by Gyps vultures in farming areas, where competition is reduced. As a food, bone is almost as good nutritionally and energetically as meat. Where meat is scarce(e.g. farming areas), Gyps vultures collect more bone as an alternative food source. In areas of high human density, vultures eat more human-made material. Substitution or confusion of one item for another (e.g. human-made items for bone/food) will occurmore regularly as the replacement item becomes more prevalent in the environment. Most of the non-faunal pieces did not resemble bone and were probably not confused for that item. Glass was the most common human-made substance found in vulture crops andstomachs, and rocks the most common overall. Grass and sticks were collected from nestling crops and stomachs but rarely from adults. When food is scarce, vulture nestlings feed on non-food items, particularly nesting material. The increase in collection and eating of bone and non-food items is a result of the shift in Gyps vulture's diet where meat is scarce and alternative foods are sought.
机译：我们比较了Blouberg和Kransberg殖民地的Cape Vultures收集的骨头和非动物类物品。平均而言，筑巢悬崖底部的骨头要比鸟的庄稼和肚子的骨头更长。平均而言，布劳伯格悬崖基地的骨头比克拉斯伯格的骨头短。原因是来自较小动物的较大比例的骨头。作物材料的尺寸较小是由于碎骨的比例更大。碎片使骨骼难以被物种识别。在两个位置发现的碎片物质和特定骨骼元素的比例非常相似，并且不会影响此大小差异。这些殖民地的材料大部分小于从津巴布韦，博茨瓦纳和南非的其他开普和白背兀ul殖民地收集的骨头。来自较小动物的骨骼比例较高，收集的骨骼元素较小，这是平均尺寸较小的原因。在野生动物保护区中，吉普斯秃鹰与大型食肉动物和其他清道夫鸟类争夺食物，包括骨骼。在缺少或很少有这些竞争对手的地方（即耕种地区），吉普斯秃鹰吃的骨头更多。猎物保护区中的Gyps秃collected大量捕食猎物储备中的斑鬣狗迅速吃掉的小骨头（腕骨，骨，趾骨等），从而减少了竞争。作为食物，骨骼在营养和精力上几乎与肉一样好。在肉类稀缺的地方（例如，农业地区），吉普斯秃鹰可以收集更多的骨头作为替代食物来源。在人类密度高的地区，秃鹰吃掉更多的人造材料。随着替换物品在环境中的普及，一种物品替换为另一物品（例如人造的用于骨骼/食物的物品）的可能性会更大。大多数非动物性的碎片都不像骨头，并且可能对此物品不感到困惑。玻璃是在秃crop农作物和胃中发现的最常见的人造物质，而岩石是总体上最常见的物质。草和棍棒是从雏鸟的作物和胃中采集的，但很少从成虫中采集的。当食物稀缺时，秃鹰雏鸟以非食物，尤其是筑巢材料为食。骨骼和非食物类物品的收集和食用量的增加是吉普斯秃鹰饮食结构转变的结果，那里的肉品稀缺，人们正在寻找替代食物。

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