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首页> 外文期刊>Scottish Forestry >The European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) in Scotland: History, Distribution and Ecological Potential
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The European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) in Scotland: History, Distribution and Ecological Potential

机译：苏格兰的欧洲山毛榉（Fagus sylvatica L.）：历史，分布和生态潜力

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European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) is part of the native tree flora of the British Isles, having colonised from Europe 3,000 - 5,000 yrs B.P. Within Britain, distinct beech woodland types of calcareous, mesotrophic and acid soils have been recognised, most recently by the National Vegetation Classification (NVC) beech woodland communities W12, W14 and W15. The natural rate of expansion of beech northward through the British Isles was, however, impeded by prehistoric human landscape fragmentation. The British native range of beech is currently limited to southern England and south-eastern Wales, whereas the natural range of beech in mainland Europe extends further northwards to Jutland (Denmark), Bergen (Norway) and also into southern Sweden. Beechwas introduced northwards into Scotland prior to 1690. Widespread plantings took place during the 1700s and 1800s as part of agricultural landscape improvement programmes throughout the lowlands of Scotland and beech later became a valuable source of timber. Common planting situations were shelterbelts, plantation margins and policy woodlands, with beech being among the most abundant deciduous tree species in the characteristic lowland landscapes of Lothian, Fife, Angus, Aberdeenshire and Morayshire. The species can be found today growing above 300m asl and regenerating naturally up to 150m asl. Ecological types of Scottish beechwoods, largely reflecting soil types, correspond broadly to the NVC W14 and W15 communities found further south. Climate change in southern England may reduce the 'climate space' available to beech within its current native range over coming decades, whereas climates in Wales, Northern England and Scotland are more likely to remain suitable for it. Long-established planted beech woodlands in those areas may become valuable refugia for biodiversity associated with beech woodland habitats. Establishment of new beech woodlands in Scotland, currently at a low level, might well become more relevant once again. However, many conservationists in Scotland regard beech as a potentially invasive species of ancient semi-natural woodlands. Current survey work is likely to update our understanding of the distribution and ecological status of beech within Scottish native woodlands. This paper puts the case for beechwood management in Scotland wherever beech is 'the right tree in the right place', especially in areas where it is already well established in the landscape, and puts forward research recommendations to support a renewed interest in the species.
机译：欧洲山毛榉（Fagus sylvatica L.）是不列颠群岛本地树种的一部分，已从欧洲定植了3,000-5,000年B.P.在英国，人们已经认识到钙质，中营养和酸性土壤的山毛榉林地类型明显不同，最近被国家植被分类（NVC）的山毛榉林地W12，W14和W15所识别。但是，史前人类景观的分裂阻碍了山毛榉向北穿过不列颠群岛的自然扩张。英国山毛榉的本地范围目前仅限于英格兰南部和威尔士东南部，而欧洲大陆的山毛榉的自然范围进一步向北延伸至日德兰半岛（丹麦），卑尔根（挪威）以及瑞典南部。 Beechwas在1690年之前向北引入苏格兰。作为整个苏格兰低地农业景观改善计划的一部分，广泛种植了1700年代和1800年代的树木，山毛榉后来成为木材的重要来源。常见的种植情况是防护林带，人工林边缘和政策林地，在Lothian，Fife，Angus，Aberdeenshire和Morayshire的典型低地景观中，山毛榉是最丰富的落叶树种之一。今天可以发现该物种生长在300m asl以上，并且自然再生到150m asl。苏格兰山毛榉的生态类型在很大程度上反映了土壤类型，大致对应于更南端的NVC W14和W15群落。在未来的几十年中，英格兰南部的气候变化可能会减少山毛榉的“气候空间”，而其在当前的原生范围内，而威尔士，北英格兰和苏格兰的气候更可能适合它。在这些地区长期建立的山毛榉林地可能成为与山毛榉林地栖息地相关的生物多样性的宝贵避难所。目前在苏格兰建立新的山毛榉林地的程度很低，可能会再次变得更加重要。但是，苏格兰的许多保护主义者都将山毛榉视为古代半自然林地的潜在入侵物种。当前的调查工作可能会更新我们对苏格兰本土林地中山毛榉的分布和生态状况的了解。本文提出了在苏格兰山毛榉管理的案例，无论山毛榉是“正确的地方正确的树木”，特别是在风景中已经成熟的地方，并提出研究建议以支持人们对该树种的新兴趣。

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