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Tree species composition in scotland's forests: where next with diversification?

机译：苏格兰森林中的树木种类组成：接下来的多元化发展是什么？

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This aim of this paper is to review the species composition of Scotland's forests, to see how this has changed in recent years and to evaluate the future of diversification. The species mix in woodland creation has altered out of all recognition in recent years in favour of native species. Despite this, the species composition of the overall forest resource has only changed relatively modestly since the last inventory in 1995. Government-owned forests comprised (in 2009) 94% conifer and only 6% broadleaved trees a proportion almost unchanged since 1995; and it is private forests that have accounted for both the bulk of broadleaved woodland, and virtually all the species diversification. Quality durable softwoods such as larch and Douglas fir remainonly a small part of the resource. The area of restocking is now larger than woodland creation, and so potentially more important in determining the future composition of the forest resource. Structure and levels of grant have a major impact on private sector species choice; whereas Forest Enterprise Scotland (FES) activity is determined by a more opaque internal policy process. There are a large number of different drivers working for and against diversification, involving a wide range of policy areasand it is these that are likely to determine grant structures and planting policies in the future. Important factors appear to be: a) the scale of establishment of new productive conifer woodland; b) whether a wider variety of species, conifer and broadleaved, can be grown to high timber quality standards such that cost competitive markets can be developed for these; c) the potential for forests to be reconfigured to produce greater softwood volumes on a similar land areas; d) how influential the biomass industry becomes, with its less demanding standards in terms of species and timber quality; and d) how useful species diversification turns out to be in relation to climate change and new pests and diseases. It appears very likely that public support for significant native woodland woodland expansion will continue. The balance of evidence suggests that diversification will continue to be a key element of forest policy and practice for the foreseeable future.
机译：本文的目的是回顾苏格兰森林的物种组成，以了解近年来这种变化如何，并评估多样化的未来。近年来，林地创造中的物种混合已经发生了变化，完全不再是对本地物种的支持。尽管如此，自1995年最后一次盘查以来，整个森林资源的物种组成仅发生了相对适度的变化。（2009年）政府拥有的森林包括94％的针叶树和6％的阔叶树，自1995年以来几乎没有变化;私有森林占阔叶林的大部分，实际上也是所有物种多样化的原因。优质耐用的软木，如落叶松和花旗松，仅占资源的一小部分。现在，补给的面积大于林地的创建面积，因此在确定森林资源的未来组成方面可能更重要。赠款的结构和水平对私营部门物种的选择产生重大影响;而苏格兰森林企业（FES）的活动是由更加模糊的内部政策流程决定的。为多样化而努力和反对多样化的驱动因素很多，涉及广泛的政策领域，正是这些因素有可能在未来确定赠款结构和种植政策。重要的因素似乎是：a）建立新的生产性针叶林的规模; b）是否可以将更多的针叶树和阔叶树种种植到高木材质量标准，以便为此开发成本竞争性市场; c）重新配置森林的潜力，以在类似的土地上生产更多的针叶木; d）生物量产业的影响力如何，其对物种和木材质量的要求不高; d）有用的物种多样化如何与气候变化和新的病虫害相关。公众很可能会继续支持重要的本土林地林地扩展。大量证据表明，在可预见的未来，多样化将继续是森林政策和实践的关键要素。

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    《Scottish Forestry》 |2012年第3期|共6页
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