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On remedicalisation: male circumcision in the United States and Great Britain.

机译：关于药物治疗：美国和英国的男性包皮环切术。

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摘要

This paper compares the histories of male circumcision in the United States and Great Britain to explicate the theoretically important, yet inadequately specified, processes of demedicalisation and remedicalisation. Circumcision became medicalised to a similar extent, through similar processes, in both countries before World War II. However, by the 1960s, circumcision was almost completely demedicalised in Britain and almost universal in the US, where it became partially demedicalised after the 1970s. Medical professionals and insurance/healthcare systems drove demedicalisation in both countries; in the US, grassroots activists also played a critical role, while medical community 'holdovers' and parents resisted demedicalisation. Recent research linking circumcision to HIV prevention and deaths following religious circumcision are differentially likely to produce remedicalisation in the two nations, given differences in circumcision prevalence, HIV epidemiology, insurance/health systems, activism opportunities, and status of religious groups. Research on (de/re)medicalisation should theorise the life cycle of medicalisation, explore comparative cases, and attend more closely to medical holdovers from previous eras, prevalence and duration of medicalised practices, and barriers to promoting non-medical interpretations.
机译：本文比较了美国和英国的男性包皮环切术的历史，以阐明理论上重要但尚未充分说明的非医疗化和医疗化过程。在第二次世界大战之前，这两个国家的包皮环切术都通过类似的过程达到了相似的医疗水平。然而，到1960年代，包皮环切术在英国几乎完全被医疗消灭，在美国几乎被普遍采用，在1970年代之后在美国部分被消炎。医疗专业人员和保险/保健系统推动了两国的医疗非正规化;在美国，基层激进分子也起着关键作用，而医学界的“保留”和父母则反对非医学化。鉴于包皮环切普及率，艾滋病毒流行病学，保险/卫生系统，行动主义机会和宗教团体的地位存在差异，最近在两国进行的将包皮环切术与预防艾滋病毒和死于宗教包皮的死亡联系起来的研究可能会在两国产生药物治疗。对（去/再）医疗化的研究应理论化医疗化的生命周期，探索可比较的案例，并更密切地关注以前时代的医疗遗留，医疗实践的普遍性和持续时间，以及促进非医疗解释的障碍。

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