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首页> 外文期刊>South African Journal of Geology: Being the Transaction of the Geological Society of South African: Syndie die Verhandelinge van die Geologiese Vereniging van Suid-Afrika >Revolutions in the earth sciences: Continental drift, impact and other catastrophes
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Revolutions in the earth sciences: Continental drift, impact and other catastrophes

机译：地球科学革命：大陆漂移，影响和其他灾难

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摘要

This is the story of changing paradigms, regarding the understanding of our planet and its position in space - of geocentric and heliocentric views, but mainly in the earth sciences, over the last several centuries. This is also the story of the revolutionaries Copernicus, Lyell, Hutton, Van Hoff, Wegener and Du Toit, Dietz and Hess, and finally Shoemaker. It is the story that begins with the Babylonian geocentric but flat worldview, moves on to the heliocentric perspective of the Greek philosopher Aristarch, via the geocentric dogma of the pre-Copernican Middle Ages and Copernicus' revision, to the Cataclysm Theory, and then the beginning of Modern Geology in the form of gradualism and actualism, to continental drift that spawned plate tectonics, and finally to Planetary Science. This new view of the universe includes what I would like to call the New Catastrophism, incorporating the catastrophic forces of the important natural catastrophic processes affecting this planet. The nature of impact cratering as a fundamental universal process and the tools for the recognition of impact structures will be examined, and the role of this process since beginning of accretion and planet formation, and leading to the question whether past impact catastrophes have, at times, spurned major mass extinctions in Earth's biological record. This paper addresses Africa's impact crater record and the stratigraphic record of impact cratering, and examines both the challenge that humanity is experiencing from huge extraterrestrial bolides and the benefits that impact has brought. In the end, the conclusion is derived that an integrated geoscientific and planetological science approach has resulted in new tools to address the ultimate questions of Earth's - and our - past and future.
机译：这是关于不断变化的范式的故事，涉及到对我们的星球及其在太空中的位置的了解-过去几个世纪以来，地心和日心的观点，但主要是地球科学。这也是哥白尼，莱尔，赫顿，范霍夫，韦格纳和杜·托伊特，迪茨和赫斯以及最后的制鞋匠的故事。这是从巴比伦的地心但平坦的世界观开始的故事，通过前哥白尼中世纪和哥白尼的修订版的地心教条，再到大灾变理论，再到希腊哲学家亚里斯塔克的日心论观点。从渐进主义和现实主义的形式开始的现代地质学开始，到产生板块构造的大陆漂移，最后到行星科学。宇宙的这种新观点包括我想称之为“新灾难论”的内容，其中包含了影响该星球的重要自然灾难过程的灾难性力量。将研究撞击坑作为一个基本的普遍过程的性质以及用于识别撞击结构的工具，以及该过程自吸积和行星形成开始以来的作用，并引发一个问题，即过去的撞击灾难有时是否产生阻止了地球生物学记录中的大规模灭绝。本文介绍了非洲的陨石坑记录和陨石坑的地层记录，并考察了人类从巨大的地球外物质爆炸中所面临的挑战及其带来的利益。最后，得出的结论是，综合的地球科学和行星科学方法已产生了解决地球以及我们过去和未来的最终问题的新工具。

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