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Horizontal transmission of a parasite is influenced by infected host phenotype and density

机译：寄生虫的水平传播受感染的宿主表型和密度的影响

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摘要

Transmission is a key determinant of parasite fitness, and understanding the dynamics of transmission is fundamental to the ecology and evolution of host-parasite interactions. Successful transmission is often reliant on contact between infected individuals and susceptible hosts. The social insects consist of aggregated groups of genetically similar hosts, making them particularly vulnerable to parasite transmission. Here we investigate how the ratio of infected to susceptible individuals impacts parasite transmission, using the honey bee, Apis mellifera and its microsporidian parasite Nosema ceranae. We used 2 types of infected hosts found simultaneously in colonies; sterile female workers and sexual males. We found a higher ratio of infected to susceptible individuals in groups resulted in a greater proportion of susceptibles becoming infected, but this effect was non-linear and interestingly, the ratio also affected the spore production of infected individuals. The transmission level was much greater in an experiment where the infected individuals were drones than in an experiment where they were workers, suggesting drones may act as intracolonial ` superspreaders'. Understanding the subtleties of transmission and how it is influenced by the phenotype of the infected/susceptible individuals is important for understanding pathogen transmission at population level, and for optimum targeting of parasite control strategies.
机译：传播是决定寄生虫适应性的关键因素，了解传播动态是宿主与寄生虫相互作用的生态学和进化的基础。成功的传播通常取决于感染者与易感宿主之间的接触。社交昆虫由遗传相似宿主的聚集群组成，使其特别容易受到寄生虫传播。在这里，我们调查使用蜜蜂，蜜蜂和其微孢子虫寄生的Nosema ceranae，感染者与易感个体的比例如何影响寄生虫传播。我们使用了在殖民地同时发现的2种感染宿主。不育女工和性男。我们发现，成组感染者与易感个体的比例较高，导致更大比例的易感者被感染，但是这种影响是非线性的，有趣的是，该比例还影响了被感染个体的孢子产生。在被感染个体为无人机的实验中，其传播水平要比在其为工人的实验中的传播水平高得多，这表明无人机可能是殖民地内部的“超级传播者”。了解传播的微妙之处以及它如何受到感染/易感个体的表型的影响，对于理解人群水平上的病原体传播以及对寄生虫控制策略的最佳定位至关重要。

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