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Origin of a major infectious disease in vertebrates: The timing of Cryptosporidium evolution and its hosts

机译：脊椎动物主要传染病的起源：隐孢子虫进化的时机及其宿主

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摘要

Protozoan parasites of the genus Cryptosporidium infect all vertebrate groups and display some host specificity in their infections. It is therefore possible to assume that Cryptosporidium parasites evolved intimately aside with vertebrate lineages. Here we propose a scenario of Cryptosporidium-Vertebrata coevolution testing the hypothesis that the origin of Cryptosporidium parasites follows that of the origin of modern vertebrates. We use calibrated molecular clocks and cophylogeny analyses to provide and compare age estimates and patterns of association between these clades. Our study provides strong support for the evolution of parasitism of Cryptosporidium with the rise of the vertebrates about 600 million years ago (Mya). Interestingly, periods of increased diversification in Cryptosporidium coincides with diversification of crown mammalian and avian orders after the Cretaceous-Palaeogene (K-Pg) boundary, suggesting that adaptive radiation to new mammalian and avian hosts triggered the diversification of this parasite lineage. Despite evidence for ongoing host shifts we also found significant correlation between protozoan parasites and vertebrate hosts trees in the cophylogenetic analysis. These results help us to understand the underlying macroevolutionary mechanisms driving evolution in Cryptosporidium and may have important implications for the ecology, dynamics and epidemiology of cryptosporidiosis disease in humans and other animals.
机译：隐孢子虫属的原生动物寄生虫感染所有脊椎动物群，并在它们的感染中表现出某些宿主特异性。因此，可以假设隐孢子虫寄生虫与脊椎动物谱系密切相关。在这里，我们提出了一种隐孢子虫-脊椎动物共进化的方案，以检验隐孢子虫寄生虫的起源遵循现代脊椎动物起源的假说。我们使用校准的分子钟和系统发生分析来提供和比较年龄预测和这些进化枝之间的关联模式。我们的研究为大约6亿年前的脊椎动物的兴起提供了对隐孢子虫寄生性进化的强有力支持（Mya）。有趣的是，隐孢子虫的多样性增加时期与白垩纪-古近纪（K-Pg）边界之后的皇冠哺乳动物和禽类秩序的多样化相吻合，这表明对新的哺乳动物和禽类宿主的适应性辐射触发了这种寄生虫谱系的多样化。尽管有证据表明寄主不断发生转移，但我们在同源发生分析中也发现了原生动物寄生虫和脊椎动物寄主树之间的显着相关性。这些结果有助于我们了解隐孢子虫进化的潜在宏观进化机制，并且可能对人类和其他动物隐孢子虫病的生态学，动力学和流行病学具有重要意义。

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