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Impact of global SST gradients on the Mediterranean runoff changes across the Plio-Pleistocene transition

机译：全球SST梯度对上新世过渡期地中海径流变化的影响

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This work explores the impact of the development of global meridional and zonal sea surface temperature (SST) gradients on the Mediterranean runoff variability during the Plio-Pleistocene transition, about 3Ma. Results show that total annual mean Pliocene Mediterranean runoff is about 40% larger than during the preindustrial period due to more increased extratropical specific humidity. As a consequence of a weakened and extended Hadley cell, the Pliocene northwest Africa hydrological network produces a discharge 30 times larger than today. Our results support the conclusion that during the Pliocene, the Mediterranean water deficit was reduced relative to today due to a larger river discharge. By means of a stand-alone atmospheric general circulation model, we simulate the separate impact of extratropical and equatorial SST cooling on the Mediterranean runoff. While cooling the equatorial SST does not imply significant changes to the Pliocene Mediterranean hydrological budget, the extratropical SST cooling increases the water deficit due to a decrease in precipitation and runoff. Consequently, river discharge from this area reduces to preindustrial levels. The main teleconnections acting upon the Mediterranean area today, i.e., the North Atlantic Oscillation during winter and the monsoon-desert mechanism during summer already have a large influence on the climate of our Pliocene simulations. Finally, our results also suggest that in a climate state significantly warmer than today, changes of the Hadley circulation could potentially lead to increased water resources in northwest Africa.
机译：这项工作探讨了全球子午和纬向海表温度（SST）梯度的发展对上新世过渡期（约3Ma）期间地中海径流变异性的影响。结果表明，由于上温带比湿度的增加，上新世地中海的年平均总径流比工业化前期大40％。由于Hadley单元的减弱和扩展，上新世西北非洲的水文网络产生的排水量是今天的30倍。我们的结果支持这样的结论：在上新世时期，由于较大的河流流量，地中海的水短缺相对于今天有所减少。通过独立的大气总环流模型，我们模拟了热带和赤道海温对地中海径流的单独影响。虽然对赤道海温进行冷却并不意味着对上新世地中海水文预算有重大改变，但由于降水和径流的减少，对温带海温进行的冷却却增加了缺水量。因此，该地区的河流排放量减少到工业化前的水平。今天影响地中海地区的主要遥相关，即冬季的北大西洋涛动和夏季的季风沙漠机制，已经对我们的上新世模拟气候产生了很大影响。最后，我们的结果还表明，在气候条件比今天明显温暖的情况下，哈德利环流的变化可能导致西北非洲的水资源增加。

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