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Agility Testing in Youth Football (Soccer)Players; Evaluating Reliability, Validity, and Correlates of Newly Developed Testing Protocols

机译：青年足球（足球）球员的敏捷性测试;评估新开发的测试协议的可靠性，有效性和相关性

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摘要

Reactive agility (RAG) and change of direction speed (CODS) are important determinants of success in football (soccer), but there is an evident lack of information on reliable and valid football-specific testing procedures which will be applicable in defining sport-specific RAG and CODS in youth players. This study evaluated reliability and construct validity of newly developed tests of football-specific RAG (FS_RAG) and CODS (FS_CODS), which involved the ball kicking football technique. Additionally, factors associated with FS_RAG and FS_CODS were evaluated. The participants were youth football players (n = 59; age: 13.40 ± 1.25 years) divided according to their age into U13 (11−12 years of age; n = 29), and U15 (13−14 years of age; n = 30) categories. Additionally, performance levels (starters [first-team] vs. non-starters [substitutes]) were observed in each age category. The dependent variables were newly developed FS_RAG and FS_CODS tests. The independent variables were sprinting capacities over 10 and 20 meters (S10M, S20M), countermovement jump (CMJ), the reactive strength index (RSI), and a generic CODS test of 20 yards (20Y). The newly developed FS_CODS and FS_RAG were observed as dependent variables. Results showed appropriate intra-testing and inter-testing reliability of the FS_RAG and FS_CODS, with somewhat better reliability of the FS_CODS (ICC=0.82 and 0.79, respectively). Additionally, better reliability was evidenced in U15 than in U13 (ICC: 0.82−0.85, and 0.78-0.80 for U15 and U13, respectively). Independent samples t-test indicated significant differences between U13 and U15 in S10 (t-test: 3.57, p < 0.001), S20M (t-test: 3.13, p < 0.001), 20Y (t-test: 4.89, p < 0.001), FS_RAG (t-test: 3.96, p < 0.001), and FS_CODS (t-test: 6.42, p < 0.001), with better performance in U15. Starters outperformed non-starters in most capacities among U13, but only in FS_RAG among U15 (t-test: 1.56, p < 0.05). Multiple regression calculations indicated nonsignificant association between independent and dependent variables in U13 (FS_CODS: 19%, FS_RAG: 21% of the explained variance, both p > 0.05), but independent variables explained significant proportion of both dependent variables in U15 (FS_CODS: 35%, FS_RAG: 33% explained variance, both p < 0.05). The study confirmed the applicability of newly developed tests in distinguishing studied age categories of players. Results indicate that superiority in all studied fitness capacities is translated into performance level in U13. Meanwhile, FS_RAG seems to be important determinant of quality in U15.
机译：反应性敏捷（RAG）和方向速度的变化（CODS）是足球（足球）成功成功的重要决定因素，但有可能缺乏关于可靠和有效的足球特定测试程序的信息，这将适用于定义体育特定的在青年球员中的抹布和鳕鱼。本研究评估了新开发的足球特定RAG（FS_RAG）和CODS（FS_CODS）测试的可靠性和构建有效性，涉及球踢足球技术。此外，评估与FS_RAG和FS_COD相关的因素。参与者是青年足球运动员（n = 59;年龄：13.40±1.25岁）根据他们的年龄分为U13（11-12岁; N = 29），U15（13-14岁; n = 30）类别。此外，在每个年龄类别中观察到性能水平（初学者[第一队]与非启动器[替代]）。依赖变量是新开发的FS_RAG和FS_CODS测试。独立变量是超过10米和20米（S10M，S20M），对策跳转（CMJ），无功强度指数（RSI）的电容和20码（20米）的通用鳕鱼试验。将新开发的FS_COD和FS_COD和FS_RAG视为依赖变量。结果表明，FS_CODS（ICC = 0.82和0.79）的更好的可靠性，对FS_RAG和FS_CODS进行了适当的测试和测试间可靠性。此外，U15的可靠性明显于U13（ICC：0.82-0.85，分别为U15和U13的0.82-0.85和0.78-0.80）。独立样品T检验表明，S10中U13和U15之间的显着差异（T检验：3.57，P <0.001），S20M（T检验：3.13，P <0.001），20°（T检验：4.89，P <0.001 ），FS_RAG（T检验：3.96，P <0.001）和FS_CODS（T检验：6.42，P <0.001），在U15中具有更好的性能。初学者在U13中的大多数容量中表现出非启动器，但仅在U15之间的FS_RAG（T检验：1.56，P <0.05）。多元回归计算指示U13中的独立和依赖变量之间的无知关联（FS_CODS：19％，FS_RAG：21％的解释方差，两个P> 0.05），但独立的变量解释了U15中的依赖变量的大量比例（FS_CODS：35 ％，FS_RAG：33％的解释方差，均为P <0.05）。该研究证实了新开发的测试在区分年龄类别的球员中的适用性。结果表明，所有研究的健身容量中的优越性转化为U13中的性能水平。同时，FS_RAG似乎是U15质量的重要决定因素。

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