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The Evolutionary Ecology of European Green Crab, Carcinus maenas, in North America

机译：欧洲绿蟹（Carcinus maenas）在北美的进化生态学

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Biological invasions offer fertile grounds for studying evolutionary ecology because species’ contact histories are uncharacteristically well-defined. As a result, invasions can be used to gain glimpses of the earliest micro-evolutionary responses of natural populations to new species’ interactions by studying changes in behaviour, physiology or morphology in space and time. Here, the known history of range expansion by the European green crab Carcinus maenas in North America is used to illustrate factors affecting invasion success and the resilience of native American prey. We situate our discussion in the bourgeoning field of adaptive phenotypic plasticity. Phenotypic plasticity is the phenomenon where an individual’s genotype interacts with its environment to produce better-fit behaviour, physiology, morphology, or life-history. Plasticity is considered adaptive when the environmentally-induced phenotype increases an individual’s fitness. Below, theory about phenotypic plasticity is reviewed as to why it may benefit invasive species in general and specifically Carcinus maenas. The plasticity-invasion hypothesis (i.e., biological invaders benefit from high levels of phenotypic plasticity) is then tested directly by comparing known levels in C. maenas and other invaders to plasticity in a diversity of non-invasive, marine invertebrates. This study also analyses whether phenotypic plasticity has helped North American prey species defend against escalated bouts of predation caused by the C. maenas invasion, and elucidates the role plasticity plays in an apparent case of predatorprey coevolution between C. maenas and at least one species of native gastropod, Littorina obtusata. Finally, knowledge gaps in the case studies presented are discussed along with suggestions for future research aimed at gaining a better appreciation for how plasticity guides phenotypic evolution after a biological invasion.
机译：生物入侵为研究进化生态学提供了沃土，因为物种的接触历史没有明确定义。结果，通过研究时空行为，生理学或形态学的变化，入侵可用于了解自然种群对新物种相互作用的最早的微观进化反应。在这里，欧洲绿蟹在北美的食蟹蟹的范围扩大的已知历史被用来说明影响入侵成功和美洲原住民猎物的复原力的因素。我们将讨论置于自适应表型可塑性的新兴领域。表型可塑性是一种现象，个体的基因型与其环境相互作用以产生更适合的行为，生理学，形态或生活史。当环境引起的表型增加个人的适应能力时，可塑性被认为是适应性的。下面，回顾表型可塑性的理论，探讨为什么它可能有益于一般入侵物种，尤其是美人鱼。然后，通过比较玉米假单胞菌和其他入侵者的已知水平与多种非侵入性海洋无脊椎动物的可塑性，直接测试可塑性入侵假设（即生物入侵者受益于高水平的表型可塑性）。这项研究还分析了表型可塑性是否已帮助北美猎物物种抵御了由美人鱼入侵引起的不断升级的掠食，并阐明了可塑性在美人鱼与至少一种美洲象之间的捕食者共同进化的明显案例中的作用。原生腹足动物，小腹立陶宛。最后，讨论了所提出的案例研究中的知识空白，并提出了未来研究的建议，以期更好地了解可塑性如何引导生物入侵后表型的进化。

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