chicken

摘要： Chilled chicken has become the mainstream of chicken consumption.In order to explore the effect of post-mortem aging on water-soluble flavor precursors of chicken,pH,adenosine triphosphate(ATP)degradation,flavor nucleosides,free amino acids and water-soluble low molecular weight peptides were determined using Qingyuan partridge yellow-feathered broilers as material during 0-4°C post-mortem aging in 48 h.The results showed that the pH value fell to the limit pH 5.64(4 h)in chicken breast and 6.21(3 h)in thigh.Regardless of chicken breast or thigh,ATP dropped rapidly within 3 h.It was found that the K-value in chicken thigh was the lowest at 2 h indicating the freshness was the best.Considering the equivalent umami concentration(EUC),the value at 3 h and 4 h was relatively high,but the corresponding electronic tongue umami value was not high,which further showed that the water-soluble low molecular taste peptide played an important role on the post-mortem aging process.Combined with cluster analysis and partial least squares discriminant analysis(PLS-DA),it was preliminarily inferred that the optimal time for chilled chicken during 0-4°C post-mortem aging was 2 h,which could provide a theoretical basis for the further processing of fresh chicken.

摘要： As an emerging class of non-coding transcripts,circular RNAs(circRNAs)are proved to participate in the complex process of myogenesis in diverse species.A previous study has identified circular RNA EDC3(circEDC3)as a typical covalently closed circular RNA abundant in chicken skeletal muscle.This study found that circEDC3 is a conservative circular RNA and performed functional analysis to investigate the role of circEDC3 in chicken muscle growth.The results indicated that circEDC3 could inhibit(P<0.05)chicken skeletal muscle satellite cells(SMSCs)proliferation and differentiation but had no significant influence on SMSCs apoptosis.Additionally,bioinformatics analysis showed that circEDC3 had promising coding potential.The open reading frames(ORF)were found in circEDC3 in this study.Furthermore,this study predicted that circEDC3 had internal ribosome entry sites(IRES)and N6-methyladenosine(m6A)motifs in different species,implying that circEDC3 might be translatable.This study revealed that circEDC3 might be a negative regulator in chicken muscle development and suggested it has protein-coding potential in different species.

摘要： Adult neurogenesis is the life-long process of neural stem cell proliferation,differentiation into neurons,migration,and incorporation into the existing neuronal circuits.After decades of research,it is now widely accepted that mammals and birds retain the capacity to regenerate neurons even after their subadult ontogeny.Cerebrospinal fluid participates in the regulation of the neurogenic niches of the vertebrate brain through signaling pathways not fully elucidated.Proteomic studies of cerebrospinal fluid have the potential to allow the in-depth characterization of its molecular composition.Comparative studies help to delineate those pathways that are universally critical for the regulation of neurogenesis in adulthood.In this review,we performed literature-based data mining in studies using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectroscopy that analyzed cerebrospinal fluid samples from healthy adult humans(Homo sapiens);mice(Mus musculus);sheep(Ovis aries);chickens(Gallus gallus);and two parrot species,the budgerigar(Melopsittacus undulatus)and cockatiel(Nymphicus hollandicus).We identified up to 911 proteins represented in cerebrospinal fluid,involved in various pathways regulating adult neurogenesis.However,only 196 proteins were common across humans,mice,and birds.Pathway components involved in nervous system development,cell migration,and axonal guidance were commonly evident in all species investigated so far.Extensive bioinformatic analysis revealed that the universally over-represented pathways involved L1 cell adhesion molecule protein interactions,cell-adhesion molecules,signals regulating extracellular matrix remodeling,regulation of insulin growth factor signaling,axonal guidance,programmed cell death,immune signaling,and post-translational modifications.Most of the reported proteins are part of extracellular vesicles enriched in cerebrospinal fluid.However,the information presently available is still highly fragmentary,and far more questions persist than are answered.Technological advances will allow cerebrospinal fluid comparative proteomic research to delve into the fundamental processes of adult neurogenesis and eventually translate this research into any regenerative interventions.

摘要： Serum biochemical and meat fatty acid profile of different chickens were studied. A total of 144 mixed sex matured chickens of Cosmopolitan (C), Improved Horro (H), Cosmopolitan♂*Improved Horro♀(CH), Improved Horro♂*Cosmopolitan♀ (HC), Indigenous (L) and Koekkoek (KK) were used to determine serum biochemical, of which 36 chickens were also used for fatty acid profile study. Completely randomized design in 6 × 2 factorial arrangements was set up. Serum biochemical and fatty acid profiles were determined by Roche/Hitachi cobas c 501 and gas liquid chromatography (GC) procedures, respectively. There were significant differences (P ≤ 0.001) in Total cholesterol (TC), Triglyceride (TG), Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and High-density lipoprotein (HDL) among genotypes and between sexes. HDL was inversely related with TC, TG and LDL. Male had significantly higher (P ≤ 0.001) TC, TG, LDL but lower HDL than female. SFA, (Myristic, Pentadecanoic and Palmitic acids) had significantly (P α-linolenic acid significantly (P ≤ 0.01) varied between sexes. The serum biochemical differed across genotypes and between sexes. The difference in the number of carbons, double bond and position of the double bond could affect fatty acid profile among genotypes and between sexes. Chicken products with higher level TC, TG, LDL and SFA might affect human health problems. It could also be interesting topic for future studies.

摘要： Background:Circular RNAs(circ RNAs)are a novel class of endogenous nc RNA,which widely exist in the transcriptomes of different species and tissues.Recent studies indicate important roles for circ RNAs in the regulation of gene expression by acting as competing endogenous RNAs(ce RNAs).However,the specific role of circ RNAs in myogenesis is still poorly understood.In this study,we attempted to systematically identify the circ RNAs involved in myogenesis and analyze the biological functions of circ RNAs in chicken skeletal muscle development.Results:In total,532 circ RNAs were identified as being differentially expressed between pectoralis major(PEM)and soleus(SOL)in 7-week-old Xinghua chicken.Among them,a novel circ RNA(novel_circ_002621),generated by PTPN4 gene,was named circ PTPN4 and identified.circ PTPN4 is highly expressed in skeletal muscle,and its expression level is upregulated during myoblast differentiation.circ PTPN4 facilitates the proliferation and differentiation of myoblast.Moreover,circ PTPN4 suppresses mitochondria biogenesis and activates fast-twitch muscle phenotype.Mechanistically,circ PTPN4 can function as a ce RNA to regulate NAMPT expression by sponging mi R-499-3p,thus participating in AMPK signaling.Conclusions:circ PTPN4 functions as a ce RNA to regulate NAMPT expression by sponging mi R-499-3p,thus promoting the proliferation and differentiation of myoblast,as well as activating fast-twitch muscle phenotype.

摘要： Obesity presents a serious threat to human health and broiler performance.The expansion of adipose tissue is mainly regulated by the differentiation of preadipocytes.The differentiation of preadipocytes is a complex biological process regulated by a variety of transcription factors and signaling pathways.Previous studies have shown that the transcription factor HMG-box protein 1(HBP1)can regulate the differentiation of mouse 3T3-L1 preadipocytes by activating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.However,it is unclear whether HBP1 involved in chicken preadipocyte differentiation and which signaling pathways it regulates.The aim of the current study was to explore the biological function and molecular regulatory mechanism of HBP1 in the differentiation of chicken preadipocytes.The expression patterns of chicken HBP1 in abdominal adipose tissue and during preadipocyte differentiation were analyzed by RT-qPCR and Western blot.The preadipocyte stably overexpressing HBP1 or knockout HBP1 and their control cell line were used to analyze the effect of HBP1 on preadipocyte differentiation by oil red O staining,RT-qPCR and Western blot.Cignal 45-Pathway Reporter Array was used to screen the signal pathways that HBP1 regulates in the differentiation of chicken preadipocytes.Chemical inhibitor and siRNA for signal transducer and activator of transcription 3(STAT3)were used to analyze the effect of STAT3 on preadipocyte differentiation.The preadipocyte stably overexpressing HBP1 was transfected by the siRNA of STAT3 or treated with a chemical inhibitor of STAT3 for the rescue experiment.The results of gene expression analysis showed that the expression of HBP1 was related to abdominal fat deposition and preadipocyte differentiation in chickens.The results of function gain and loss experiments indicated that overexpression/knockout of HBP1 in chicken preadipocytes could inhibit/promote(P<0.05)lipid droplet deposition and the expression of adipogenesis-related genes.Mechanismlly,HBP1 activates(P<0.05)the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3(STAT3)signaling pathway by targeting janus kinase 2(JAK2)transcription.The results of functional rescue experiments indicated that STAT3 signaling mediated the regulation of HBP1 on chicken preadipocyte differentiation.In conclusion,HBP1 inhibits chicken preadipocyte differentiation by activating the STAT3 signaling pathway via directly enhancing JAK2 expression.Our findings provided new insights for further analysis of the molecular genetic basis of chicken adipose tissue growth and development.

摘要： Background:Enteromorpha prolifera(E.prolifera)polysaccharide has become a promising feed additive with a variety of physiological activities,such as anti-oxidant,anti-cancer,anti-diabetic,immunomodulatory,hypolipidemic,and cation chelating ability.However,whether Enteromorpha polysaccharide-trace element complex supplementation regulates amino acid and fatty acid metabolism in chicken is largely unknown.This study was conducted to investigate the effects of E.prolifera polysaccharide(EP)-Zn supplementation on growth performance,amino acid,and fatty acid metabolism in chicken.Methods:A total of 184 one-day-old Ross-308 broiler chickens were randomly divided into two treatment groups with 8 replicates,12 chickens per replicate,and fed either the basal diet(control group)or basal diet plus E.prolifera polysaccharide-Zinc(400 mg EP-Zn/kg diet).Results:Dietary EP-Zn supplementation significantly increased(P<0.05)the body weight,average daily gain,muscle antioxidant activity,serum HDL level,and reduced serum TG and LDL concentration.In addition,dietary EPZn supplementation could modulate ileal amino acid digestibility and upregulate the mRNA expression of amino acid transporter genes in the jejunum,ileum,breast muscle,and liver tissues(P<0.05).Compared with the control group,breast meat from chickens fed EP-Zn had higher(P<0.05)Pro and Asp content,and lower(P<0.05)Val,Phe,Gly,and Cys free amino acid content.Furthermore,EP-Zn supplementation upregulated(P<0.05)the mRNA expressions of mTOR and anti-oxidant related genes,while down-regulated protein degradation related genes in the breast muscle.Breast meat from EP-Zn supplemented group had significantly lower(P<0.05)proportions ofΣn-3 PUFA,and a higher percentage ofΣn-6 PUFA and the ratio of n-6/n-3 PUFA.Besides,EP-Zn supplementation regulated lipid metabolism by inhibiting the gene expression of key enzymes involved in the fatty acid synthesis and activating genes that participated in fatty acid oxidation in the liver tissue.Conclusions:It is concluded that EP-Zn complex supplementation regulates apparent ileal amino acid digestibility,enhances amino acid metabolism,and decreases oxidative stress-associated protein breakdown,thereby improving the growth performance.Furthermore,it promotes fatty acid oxidation and restrains fat synthesis through modulating lipid metabolism-related gene expression.

摘要： Advanced glycation end products(AGEs)might pose health risks,and processing and storage could accelerate the generation of AGEs in meat.However,limited few reports indicated the changes of AGEs contents in meat during storage.In this study,the aim is to investigate the oxidation and precursors and their roles in the formation of N^(ε)-carboxymethyl-lysine(CML)in raw and cooked chicken meat after post-mortem ageing and storage.As post-mortem ageing and storage time increased,the CML content in cooked chicken breast significantly increased from 1.81 mg/kg to 2.00 mg/kg during 0-6 h,and then decreased from 2.00 mg/kg to 1.80 mg/kg during 6 h-1 day,finally increased again during 1-7 days,while the CML contents of raw and cooked leg significantly and continuously increased from 1.78 mg/kg to 2.08 mg/kg.Furthermore,CML was extremely positively correlated with fat oxidation(R^(2)=0.793,P<0.01),protein oxidation(R^(2)=0.917,P<0.01)and glyoxal(R^(2)=0.678,P<0.05),and was negatively correlated with lysine(R^(2)=0.536,P<0.05).No significant correlation was observed between the Schiff base and CML.

摘要： Background:Glucocorticoid receptor(GR)mediated corticosterone-induced fatty liver syndrome(FLS)in the chicken by transactivation of Fat mass and obesity associated gene(FTO),leading to demethylation of N6-methyladenosine(m^(6)A)and post-transcriptional activation of lipogenic genes.Nutrition is considered the main cause of FLS in the modern poultry industry.Therefore,this study was aimed to investigate whether GR and m^(6)A modification are involved in high-energy and low protein(HELP)diet-induced FLS in laying hens,and if true,what specific m^(6)A sites of lipogenic genes are modified and how GR mediates m^(6)A-dependent lipogenic gene activation in HELP diet-induced FLS in the chicken.Results:Laying hens fed HELP diet exhibit excess(P<0.05)lipid accumulation and lipogenic genes activation in the liver,which is associated with significantly increased(P<0.05)GR expression that coincided with global m^(6)A demethylation.Concurrently,the m^(6)A demethylase FTO is upregulated(P<0.05),whereas the m^(6)A reader YTHDF2 is downregulated(P<0.05)in the liver of FLS chickens.Further analysis identifies site-specific demethylation(P<0.05)of m^(6)A in the mRNA of lipogenic genes,including FASN,SREBP1 and SCD.Moreover,GR binding to the promoter of FTO gene is highly enriched(P<0.05),while GR binding to the promoter of YTHDF2 gene is diminished(P<0.05).Conclusions:These results implicate a possible role of GR-mediated transcriptional regulation of m^(6)A metabolic genes on m^(6)A-depenent post-transcriptional activation of lipogenic genes and shed new light in the molecular mechanism of FLS etiology in the chicken.

摘要： Dietary fiber(DF)was considered an antinutritional factor due to its adverse effects on feed intake and nutrient digestibility.However,with increasing evidence,scientists have found that DF has enormous impacts on the gastrointestinal tract(GIT)development,digestive physiology,including nutrient digestion,fermentation,and absorption processes of poultry.It may help maintain the small and large intestine’s integrity by strengthening mucosal structure and functions and increasing the population and diversity of commensal bacteria in the GIT.Increasing DF content benefits digestive physiology by stimulating GIT development and enzyme production.And the inclusion of fiber at a moderate level in diets also alters poultry growth performance.It improves gut health by modulating beneficial microbiota in the large intestine and enhancing immune functions.However,determining the source,type,form,and level of DF inclusion is of utmost importance to achieve the above-noted benefits.This paper critically reviews the available information on dietary fibers used in poultry and their effects on nutrient utilization,GIT development,gut health,and poultry performance.Understanding these functions will help develop nutrition programs using proper DF at an appropriate inclusion level that will ultimately lead to enhanced DF utilization,overall health,and improved poultry growth performance.Thus,this review will help researchers and industry identify the sources,type,form,and amount of DF to be used in poultry nutrition for healthy,costeffective,and eco-friendly poultry production.