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Are Certain Types of Mutation Used Preferentially in Evolutionary Change?

机译：在进化变化中优先使用某些类型的突变吗？

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An emerging debate in evolutionary biology concerns whether certain types of mutations (e.g.mutations in cis-regulatory regions,in transcription factors,in enzyme-coding genes) are fixed preferentially during adaptive evolution.Although there has been much speculation about the possible causes for such a bias,there has been little formal theory presented to test for these biases.I describe an approach that distinguishes between the two processes that likely account for biased rates of substitution:variation in mutation rates and variation in the probability that a mutation becomes fixed once it arises.I then use this method to address several questions about evolutionary transitions involving repeated shifts in a single trait (flower color),as well as transitions between species across multiple traits.I show that fixation biases can be quite strong at all levels of comparison,likely due to differences in the magnitude of deleterious pleiotropy associated with alternative mutational categories.However,I also show that the scale of comparison greatly affects the interpretation of the results,which suggests that it may not be possible to formulate a general theory that encompasses all biological levels of organization.I conclude that preferential fixation of mutations likely is common in nature,but may need to be studied on a trait-by-trait basis.
机译：进化生物学的一个新的争论是关于某些类型的突变（例如顺式调控区的突变，转录因子，酶编码基因的突变）在适应性进化过程中是否被优先固定。尽管人们一直在猜测这种突变的可能原因。我描述了一种方法，该方法可以区分可能导致替代率发生偏差的两个过程：突变率的变化和突变一旦固定的概率的变化然后，我使用这种方法来解决几个涉及单个性状（花色）重复转变以及跨多个性状的物种间转变的进化过渡的问题。我证明了固定偏见在各个水平上都非常强比较，可能是由于与替代突变猫相关的有害多效性的大小不同但是，我还表明，比较的规模会极大地影响结果的解释，这表明不可能建立涵盖组织的所有生物学水平的一般理论。我得出结论，优先固定突变可能是本质上很常见，但可能需要逐个特征进行研究。

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