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首页> 外文会议>International Soil Conservation Organization Conference vol.1; 20020526-31; Beijing(CN) >Soil Erosion and Small River Aggradation in Russia
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Soil Erosion and Small River Aggradation in Russia

机译：俄罗斯的土壤侵蚀和小河流积聚

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Intensive soil erosion lead to transformation of sediment redistribution within river basin, because of increase of sediment input from slope to the river channel. Cultivation of interfluve and valley slopes within temperate climatic zone promotes to development sheet, rill and gully erosion. Intensive growth of cultivation area in Russia began from the southern part of forest zone and the northern part of forest-steppe zone in XVII century. Than area of intensive cultivation expanded in south and south-east directions and the rest of forest-steppe zone and steppe zone were ploughed during XVIII-XIX century. As a rule both rill and gully erosion rates increased dramatically immediately after cultivation, because of growth of surface runoff. From the other hand part of underground water decreased, that influenced on the summer water discharges of small rivers. Both these tendencies in connection with possible climatic fluctuations of precipitation across the agricultural part of Russia resulted in small river aggradation. Dynamic of small river aggradation were studied for different parts of agricultural zone of Russia using method of comparison of topographical maps composed for different time intervals. In addition the detail study of soil redistribution within small basins was undertaken for few key sites located in different landscape zone. Different methods and approaches were used for quantitative assessment the erosion and deposition rates and calculation of sediment budgets. The river net length decreases from 20%-30% in the northern part of forest-steppe zone up to 50%-70% in some parts of steppe zone. Moment of the most intensive disappearance of small rivers was observed immediately after quick increase of arable land area within the river basins. Addition increase in river aggradation was observed after cultivation of valley sides. It was established that the intensive river aggradation started when the area of arable lands exceeded 35% from the total area of river basin. However correlation between area of arable lands within basin and intensity of river aggradation do not exist. The key factors are the location of arable lands relatively river channels, intensity of soil erosion and trap effectiveness of dry creek bottoms along the pathways from cultivated field till the river channel.
机译：由于从斜坡到河道的泥沙输入增加，强烈的水土流失导致流域内泥沙重新分配的转变。在温带气候带内的沟壑和谷坡的耕作促进了发育板块，小溪和沟壑的侵蚀。俄罗斯的种植面积从十七世纪的森林区的南部和森林草原区的北部开始快速增长。在十八至十九世纪，密集耕作的面积向南和东南方向扩展，其余的森林草原区和草原区被耕作。通常，由于地表径流的增加，小溪和沟渠侵蚀率在耕种后立即急剧增加。另一方面，一部分地下水减少，这影响了小河流域夏季的排水量。这两种趋势与俄罗斯农业地区降水的可能气候波动有关，导致了小河流的积聚。使用比较不同时间间隔的地形图的方法，研究了俄罗斯农业区不同地区的小河流积聚动态。此外，还对位于不同景观带的几个关键地点的小流域内的土壤重新分布进行了详细研究。使用了不同的方法和方法来定量评估侵蚀和沉积速率并计算沉积物预算。河网长度从森林草原带的北部的20％-30％减少到草原草原的某些部分的50％-70％。在流域内耕地面积迅速增加后，立即观察到小河流最密集消失的时刻。耕种山谷边后，观察到河水积聚增加。可以确定的是，当耕地面积超过流域总面积的35％时，就开始了集约化的河流集约化。但是，流域内耕地面积与河流积聚强度之间不存在相关性。关键因素是耕地相对河道的位置，水土流失的强度以及沿从耕地到河道的路径的干小河谷的陷阱有效性。

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