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Soil Erosion and Small River Aggradation in Russia

机译：俄罗斯土壤侵蚀与小河流

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Intensive soil erosion lead to transformation of sediment redistribution within river basin, because of increase of sediment input from slope to the river channel. Cultivation of interfluve and valley slopes within temperate climatic zone promotes to development sheet, rill and gully erosion. Intensive growth of cultivation area in Russia began from the southern part of forest zone and the northern part of forest-steppe zone in XVII century. Than area of intensive cultivation expanded in south and south-east directions and the rest of forest-steppe zone and steppe zone were ploughed during XVIII-XIX century. As a rule both rill and gully erosion rates increased dramatically immediately after cultivation, because of growth of surface runoff. From the other hand part of underground water decreased, that influenced on the summer water discharges of small rivers. Both these tendencies in connection with possible climatic fluctuations of precipitation across the agricultural part of Russia resulted in small river aggradation. Dynamic of small river aggradation were studied for different parts of agricultural zone of Russia using method of comparison of topographical maps composed for different time intervals. In addition the detail study of soil redistribution within small basins was undertaken for few key sites located in different landscape zone. Different methods and approaches were used for quantitative assessment the erosion and deposition rates and calculation of sediment budgets. The river net length decreases from 20%-30% in the northern part of forest-steppe zone up to 50%-70% in some parts of steppe zone. Moment of the most intensive disappearance of small rivers was observed immediately after quick increase of arable land area within the river basins. Addition increase in river aggradation was observed after cultivation of valley sides. It was established that the intensive river aggradation started when the area of arable lands exceeded 35% from the total area of river basin. However correlation between area of arable lands within basin and intensity of river aggradation do not exist. The key factors are the location of arable lands relatively river channels, intensity of soil erosion and trap effectiveness of dry creek bottoms along the pathways from cultivated field till the river channel.
机译：由于从坡度到河流通道的沉积物增加，密集土壤侵蚀导致沉积物再分配的转化。温带气候区内的Interfluve和山谷坡度的栽培促进了开发板，雨螺和沟壑侵蚀。俄罗斯栽培区的密集增长从森林地区的南部和十六世纪森林 - 草原区的北部。在南北和东南方向扩大的强化栽培区域，其余的森林 - 草原区和草原区在十六世XIX世纪耕种。由于表面径流的增长，培养后，胚胎和沟壑侵蚀率的规则都会显着增加。从另一方面，地下水的部分减少，影响了小河的夏季排水。这两种趋势都与俄罗斯农业部分的降水可能的气候波动有关，导致小河流加重。研究了俄罗斯农业区的不同部分研究小河委员会的动态，采用不同时间间隔组成的地形地图的比较方法。此外，在不同景观区的几个主要网站上进行了对小盆地内土壤再分配的详细研究。不同的方法和方法用于定量评估侵蚀和沉积率和泥沙预算的计算。净净长度从森林 - 草原北部的20％-30％降低到草原区某些部分的50％-70％。在河流盆地耕地面积快速增加后立即观察到小河最强烈消失的瞬间。在谷侧培养后观察到河流造成的添加增加。建立了强化河流的耕地，当耕地面积超过河流河总面积超过35％。然而，盆地内耕地面积与河流强度之间的相关性不存在。关键因素是耕地的位置相对河流渠道，土壤侵蚀强度和沿着河流通道的耕地途径的干溪底部的捕获效果。

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