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The rules of engagement for cyber-warfare and the Tallinn Manual: A case study

机译：网络战争与塔林手册的参与规则 - 以案例研究

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Documents such as the Geneva (1949) and Hague Conventions (1899 and 1907) that have clearly outlined the rules of engagement for warfare find themselves challenged by the presence of a new arena: cyber. Considering the potential nature of these offenses, operations taking place in the realm of cyber cannot simply be generalized as “cyber-warfare,” as they may also be acts of cyber-espionage, cyber-terrorism, cyber-sabaotge, etc. Cyber-attacks, such as those on Estonia in 2007, have begun to test the limits of NATO's Article 5 and the UN Charter's Article 2(4) against the use of force. What defines “force” as it relates to cyber, and what kind of response is merited in the case of uncertainty regarding attribution? In 2009, NATO's Cooperative Cyber Defence Centre of Excellence commissioned a group of experts to publish a study on the application of international law to cyber-warfare. This document, the Tallinn Manual, was published in 2013 as a non-binding exercise to stimulate discussion on the codification of international law on the subject. After analysis, this paper concludes that the Tallinn Manual classifies the 2010 Stuxnet attack on Iran's nuclear program as an illegal act of force. The purpose of this paper is the following: (1) to analyze the historical and technical background of cyber-warfare, (2) to evaluate the Tallinn Manual as it relates to the justification cyber-warfare, and (3) to examine the applicability of the Tallinn Manual in a case study of a historical example of a cyber-attacks.
机译：文件，如日内瓦（1949年）和海牙公约（1899年和1907年）已经清楚地说明了战争交战规则发现自己受到挑战的新舞台的存在：网络。考虑到这些违法行为的潜在性质，网络领域的行动不能简单地被推广为“网络战争”，因为它们也可能是网络 - 间谍，网络恐怖主义，网络扫描等的行为。网络 - 攻击，例如2007年爱沙尼亚，已开始测试北约第5条和联合国宪章第2（4）条的限制，以防止使用武力。什么定义了“力量”，因为它与网络相关，并且在对归因的不确定性的情况下，有什么样的响应？ 2009年，北约的合作网络国防中心委托一批专家发布国际法在网络战中的应用研究。本文件塔林手册于2013年出版，作为非约束性练习，以促进讨论国际法对该主题的编纂。分析后，本文得出结论，塔林手册将2010年对伊朗核计划攻击为非违法行为。本文的目的如下：（1）分析网络战的历史和技术背景，（2）来评估塔林手册，因为它涉及的理由网络战，和（3），以检查其适用性塔林手册在一个网络攻击历史例子的案例研究中。

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