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The rules of engagement for cyber-warfare and the Tallinn Manual: A case study

机译：网络战争的参与规则和《塔林手册：案例研究》

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Documents such as the Geneva (1949) and Hague Conventions (1899 and 1907) that have clearly outlined the rules of engagement for warfare find themselves challenged by the presence of a new arena: cyber. Considering the potential nature of these offenses, operations taking place in the realm of cyber cannot simply be generalized as “cyber-warfare,” as they may also be acts of cyber-espionage, cyber-terrorism, cyber-sabaotge, etc. Cyber-attacks, such as those on Estonia in 2007, have begun to test the limits of NATO's Article 5 and the UN Charter's Article 2(4) against the use of force. What defines “force” as it relates to cyber, and what kind of response is merited in the case of uncertainty regarding attribution? In 2009, NATO's Cooperative Cyber Defence Centre of Excellence commissioned a group of experts to publish a study on the application of international law to cyber-warfare. This document, the Tallinn Manual, was published in 2013 as a non-binding exercise to stimulate discussion on the codification of international law on the subject. After analysis, this paper concludes that the Tallinn Manual classifies the 2010 Stuxnet attack on Iran's nuclear program as an illegal act of force. The purpose of this paper is the following: (1) to analyze the historical and technical background of cyber-warfare, (2) to evaluate the Tallinn Manual as it relates to the justification cyber-warfare, and (3) to examine the applicability of the Tallinn Manual in a case study of a historical example of a cyber-attacks.
机译：诸如日内瓦（1949年）和海牙公约（1899年和1907年）之类的文件清楚地概述了交战规则，发现它们面临着新领域的挑战：网络。考虑到这些违法行为的潜在性质，在网络领域发生的操作不能简单地概括为“网络战争”，因为它们也可能是网络间谍，网络恐怖主义，网络谋杀等行为。诸如2007年对爱沙尼亚的袭击，已经开始检验北约第5条和《联合国宪章》第2条第（4）款对使用武力的限制。与网络相关的“力量”的定义是什么？在归因不确定的情况下，应该采取什么样的应对措施？ 2009年，北约合作网络防御卓越中心委托一组专家发布了一项关于将国际法应用于网络战的研究。该文件，《塔林手册》，于2013年发布，是一项不具约束力的活动，目的是激发人们就该问题编纂国际法的讨论。经过分析，本文得出的结论是，《塔林手册》将2010年Stuxnet对伊朗核计划的攻击归类为非法武力。本文的目的如下：（1）分析网络战争的历史和技术背景，（2）评价《塔林手册》与网络战争的正当性有关，（3）检验其适用性《塔林手册》中有关网络攻击历史案例的案例研究。

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