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On the impact of policy measures on cars’ CO_2 emissions in the EU

机译：论政策措施对欧盟汽车CO_2排放的影响

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Reducing CO_2 emissions from cars is essential in order to curtail global temperature increases. In this paper we analyze how the following measures contribute to reducing CO_2 emissions: (i) voluntary agreements with car manufacturers; (ii) mandatory standards on specific CO_2 emissions; (iii) fuel taxes; (iv) registration taxes; (v) subsidies. Our core objectives are: (i) to provide a survey on the implementation of these policy measures for car transport in EU countries; (ii) to analyze their impact on energy consumption and CO_2 emissions, and (iii) to extract the most promising policies to reduce emissions. The approach builds on a formal framework based on the decomposition of energy into service and intensity and on conducting econometric analyses for energy consumption as well as kilometers driven. The major results and conclusions are: 1. Despite the fact that there are many parameters that constitute a formal framework to explain energy consumption and CO_2 emissions, there is one key parameter which influences final CO_2 emissions and this is the service price elasticity. Our results for the service price elasticity of car driving in Europe are about -0.4 to -0.45; 2.The service price elasticity impacts fuel taxes, standards as well as registration taxes; 3.This result leads to the situation that a mix of policies is preferable. A combined tax-standard policy will lead to a win-win situation for the environment and car drivers. A simultaneously introduced fuel tax will compensate for the rebound effect without hurting car drivers due to service vkm driven remaining at same service price. The fuel tax should compensate the standard to an extent so that finally the service price before and after policy introduction remains the same. Yet, because registration taxes work as standards, a fuel tax must also accompany an intended introduction of registration taxes.
机译：减少汽车的CO_2排放是必不可少的，以减少全球温度的增加。在本文中，我们分析了以下措施如何促成减少CO_2排放：（i）与汽车制造商的自愿协议; （ii）特定CO_2排放的强制性标准; （iii）燃油税; （iv）注册税; （v）补贴。我们的核心目标是：（i）为欧盟国家的汽车运输政策措施的实施提供调查; （ii）分析其对能源消费和CO_2排放的影响，以及（iii）提取最有希望的政策，以减少排放。该方法基于将能量分解为服务和强度的正式框架，以及对能量消耗的经济学分析以及推动的公里。主要结果和结论是：1。尽管有许多参数构成正式框架来解释能源消耗和CO_2排放，但有一个关键参数，影响最终的CO_2排放，这是服务价格弹性。我们在欧洲驾驶的汽车服务价格弹性的结果约为-0.4至-0.45; 2.服务价格弹性会影响燃油税，标准以及登记税;这一结果导致了政策的混合优选的情况。合并的税务标准政策将导致环境和汽车司机的双赢。同时引入的燃油税将弥补反弹效果，而不会因服务vkm驱动而持续同一服务价格而损害汽车司机。燃油税应在一定程度上弥补标准，以至于政策引入前后的服务价格仍然存在。然而，由于登记税作为标准，燃油税也必须伴随着预期的注册税。

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