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Underground quarries and underground mines in Italy: similarities and differences

机译：意大利地下采石场和地下矿山：相似之处和差异

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摘要

The paper illustrates, referring to some significant examples, the present trend toward s a more frequent application of underground production methods, with a special attention paid to economy, administrative and environmental reasons for the choice and to the criteria underlying the selection of the method. A few sectors, namely high grade carbonatic rocks, dimension stones and gypsum, each of them being characterised by widely different peculiarities, offer frequent examples of underground quarries, and their particular problems are discussed. In most cases underground exploitation represents a forced change from a previous surface operation, and coexists for a long time with the conventional surface working, which leads to a number of constraints in designing the exploitation scheme: even when the main product source is transferred underground, features inherited from the discontinued surface operation (which is considered the “natural” method for the raw materials mentioned) are long living. Another peculiarity of underground quarries is the modest rock cover of the stopes, which, together with the absolute necessity of avoiding subsidence effects, even in the long term, usually imposes a quite low recovery of the rock body, and often suggests the installation of permanent stability monitoring systems.
机译：本文说明了一些重要的例子，目前的趋势态度在地下生产方法中更频繁地应用，具有经济的特殊关注，行政和环境原因选择以及选择方法的标准。少数扇区，即高级碳岩，尺寸石和石膏，每个级别的特征在于广泛不同的特征，提供了地下采石场的频繁示例，并且讨论了它们的特殊问题。在大多数情况下，地下利用代表了从先前的表面操作的强制变化，并使用传统的表面工作共存了很长时间，这导致了设计开发方案的许多约束：即使主产品源在地下转移，从已停止表面操作（被认为是所提到的原材料的“天然”方法）遗传的特征是较长的生活。地下采石场的另一个特殊性是止挡的温柔岩石覆盖物，即使长期避免沉降效果的绝对必要性，通常会施加相当低的岩石恢复，并且通常建议安装永久的安装稳定性监测系统。

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