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Human Factors Issues in Military Simulation Applications

机译：军事模拟应用中的人为因素问题

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Military simulation applications such as OneSAF OTB provide a flexible environment for building and simulating exercises. We recently undertook a human factors analysis of OneSAF to identify the key weaknesses in its interface, and identified several systematic problems. Among these were: excessive mouse movements, precise mouse movements, excessive visual search, finding objects in multiple data views at the same time, and repetitive, successive menu selections. Other problems exist, but these general design flaws are important in that they highlight areas of major performance loss and cognitive loading. These design flaws can threaten situation awareness by improperly controlling the operator's attention, making it difficult to find, interpret, and assimilate information and placing excessive cognitive demands on the operator. Careful design and analysis of information management tools using a combination of perceptual, motor and cognitive modeling techniques [1], usability engineering methods [2] and user studies can help us avoid these problems by optimizing the ability for expert users to execute tasks quickly, easily locate information, avoid confusion and recover quickly from errors. This approach to design, grounded in user and task models, leads not only to interfaces that are more aesthetically pleasing, but to tools that support better performance and are less cognitively demanding, freeing up intellectual and human resources for decision making and action. Based on this analysis, we prototyped a number of web-based tools for improved human-system interaction that were designed to minimize these areas of performance loss. These tools were used to develop a system prototype, which we used to benchmark potential performance gains. We found these gains to be dramatic; In the case of changing a parameter of the map view, for instance, we were able to reduce the required mental operators (M in GOMS-KLM) by half and reduce mouse movement substantially as well. This paper highlights some of the key human factors issues that we found in OneSAF, and how we chose to remedy them in our own system design. The goal is to provide guidelines for application human interface design standards so that future tools developedfor the Department of Defense allow the operator to perform more effectively.
机译：OnesaF OTB等军事仿真应用为建筑和模拟练习提供了灵活的环境。我们最近进行了人为因素分析，对其界面中的关键弱点进行了识别，并确定了几个系统问题。其中：过度鼠标运动，精确的鼠标运动，过度的视觉搜索，同时在多个数据视图中查找对象，并重复，连续的菜单选择。存在其他问题，但这些一般设计缺陷很重要，因为它们突出了主要性能损失和认知装载的领域。这些设计缺陷可以通过不当控制操作员的注意力来威胁局势意识，使得难以找到，解释和吸收信息，并对操作员提供过度认知需求。使用感知，电机和认知建模技术的组合进行仔细设计和分析信息管理工具[1]，可用性工程方法[2]和用户研究可以通过优化专家用户快速执行任务的能力来帮助我们避免这些问题，容易找到信息，避免困惑并快速从错误中恢复。这种设计方法，在用户和任务模型中，不仅导致更美观令人愉悦的界面，而且导致支持更好的性能的工具，并且令人认知的苛刻，释放知识分子和人力资源，以获取决策和行动。在此分析的基础上，我们将许多基于Web的工具进行了原型，以改善人力系统的交互，旨在最大限度地减少这些性能损失领域。这些工具用于开发系统原型，我们用于基准潜在的性能收益。我们发现这些收益是戏剧性的;例如，在更改地图视图的参数的情况下，我们能够将所需的精神运算符（M在GOMS-KLM中）减少一半，并基本上减少鼠标移动。本文突出了我们在OneLof中找到的一些关键人类因素问题，以及我们如何选择在自己的系统设计中纠正它们。目标是为申请人力界面设计标准提供指导方针，以便为国防部开发的未来工具允许运营商更有效地执行。

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