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Studies on Regularities of Growth and Development of Chinquapin (Castanea henryi)Fruits

机译：Chinquapin（Castanea Henryi）果实生长与发展的研究

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The fruit growth and development of different cultivars of chinquapin were systematically studied. The results indicated that chinquapin fruits could be divided into two parts as bur and nut. The burs of most cultivars bore only one nut while some few bore one to three nuts. The shapes, sizes and weights of nuts varied from cultivars to cultivars. Most cultivars of chinquapin shed flowers between late May and early June and then formed young fruits that would gradually grow and develop. The whole development process could be divided into two stages. In the early stage before early August, the bur rapidly grew while the increase of nuts' weights declined. The anatomy of fruits in different early stages showed that only milky white hairs were seen in 8 to 10 Ioculi and only an ovule under development was seen on the top of fruits while the others turned brown; during the late stage after middle of August, the increase in the volumes of prickly burs slowed down while the weight of single fruit increased rapidly before finally matured. The anatomies showed that ovules quickly developed into seeds with disappearing white hairs. As fruits matured, fleshy cotyledons would occupy the whole fruit space. During this stage, once ovules developed abnormally, the phenomena of 'empty seeded ness' would happen. The single fruit weight of different varieties varied little in the early stages but significantly different during the late stage. Most cultivars had closer harvest periods except few ones. The transverse and vertical development of chinquapin fruits were positively related with the changes of single fruit weights. The growth and development of chinquapin fruits featured an S-shape curve representing "Quick-Slow-Quick" trend.
机译：系统地研究了Chinquapin的不同品种的果实生长和发育。结果表明，Chinquapin果实可以分为伯爵和螺母的两部分。大多数品种的毛刺只有一个螺母，而几个孔一到三个坚果。坚果的形状，尺寸和重量从栽培品种不同。大多数品种的Chinquapin Shed Flowers在5月和6月初，然后形成了逐渐增长和发展的年轻水果。整个开发过程可分为两个阶段。在8月初之前的早期阶段，伯爵迅速增长，而螺母的重量增加下降。不同早期阶段的果实的解剖性表明，在8至10个Ioculi中只有乳白色毛发，并且在果实顶部看到胚珠下的胚珠，而其他人则变成棕色;在八月中旬之后的晚期期间，刺破刺卷的增加减缓，而单果的重量在最后成熟之前迅速增加。解剖学表明，胚珠迅速发展成具有白发消失的种子。随着水果成熟的，肉质子叶会占据整个果实空间。在此阶段，一旦胚珠异常发展，就会发生“空播种机”的现象。不同品种的单一果实重量在早期的阶段几乎不同，但在晚期的阶段显着不同。大多数品种除了几个少数人的收获时期更近。 Chinquapin水果的横向和垂直发育与单一果子重的变化呈正相关。 Chinquapin Futuer的增长和发展具有代表“快速缓慢”趋势的S形曲线。

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