Smart completions enable physical measurements over space and time,which provides large volumes ofinformation at unprecedented rates.However,optimizing inflow control valve(ICV)settings of smartmultilateral wells is a challenging task.Traditionally,ICV field tests,evaluating well performance atdifferent ICV settings,are conducted to observe flow behavior and configure ICV's,however this is oftensuboptimal.This study investigated a surrogate-based optimization algorithm that minimizes the numberof ICV field tests required,predicts well performance of all unseen combination of ICV settings,anddetermines the optimal ICV setting and net present value(NPV).A numerical model of a real offshore field in Saudi Arabia was used to generate scenarios involvinga two-phase(oil and water)reservoir with trilateral producers.Multiple scenarios were examined withvariations in design parameters,mainly well count,placement and configuration.Eight discrete settingswere assumed to match the commonly installed ICV technology,where all possible scenarios were simulatedto establish ground truth.The investigation considered three major algorithmic components:sampling,machine learning,and optimization.The sampling strategy compared physics-based initialization,space-filling sampling,and triangulation-based adaptive sampling.A cross-validated neural network was used tofit a surrogate dynamically,while enumeration was adopted for optimization to avoid errors arising fromusing common optimizers.This study evaluated two sampling techniques:space-filling and adaptive sampling.The latter was foundsuperior in capturing reservoir behavior with the smallest number of simulation runs,i.e.ICV field tests.Algorithm performance was evaluated based on the number of ICV field tests required to:1)surpass anR2 threshold of 0.9 on all unseen scenarios,and 2)match the optimal ICV settings and NPV.Surface anddownhole flow profile prediction and optimization were achieved successfully using this approach.Todetermine the diminishing value of additional ICV field tests,the triangulation sampling loss was used as astoppage criterion.When running the algorithm on a single producer for both surface and downhole oil andwater flow prediction,the algorithm required six and 11 ICV field tests only to achieve 80% and 90% R2across the different cases of this real reservoir model.Fishbone wellbore configurations were found to posea more challenging task as changes in any ICV pressure drop affects multiple laterals simultaneously,whichincreases the level of interdependence.The resultant surrogate was used to decide on the optimal settings of ICV devices and also predict the NPV effectively.Further improvement was accomplished throughadaptively sampling and fitting surrogate to rather predict NPV explicitly where NPV predictions weregenerated with nearly 95% R2 given only ten ICV field tests.Using adaptive sampling and machine learning proved effective in the prediction of surface and downholeflow profiles,and optimization of smart wells.The method further allows for dynamically optimizing fieldstrategy in a reinforcement learning setting where production data are used continuously to further improvethe prediction performance.
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